The biological functions of interleukin-6 (IL-6) are mediated through a signal-transducing component the IL-6 receptor, gp130, which is associated with ligand-occupied receptor (IL-6R) protein. Binding to IL-6R induced disulfide-linked homodimerization gp130. Tyrosine kinase activity was dimerized but not monomeric gp130 Substitution serine for proline residues 656 and 658 in cytoplasmic motif abolished tyrosine activation cellular responses IL-6-induced homodimer appears be similar function...

We investigate experimentally granular piles exhibiting steady surface flow. Below the flow, it has been believed that a "frozen" bulk region exists, but our results show no such frozen bulk. report here even particles in layers deep exhibit very slow flow and motion can be detected at an arbitrary depth. The mean velocity of creep decays exponentially with depth, characteristic decay length is approximately equal to particle size independent rate. It expected we have seen observable all...

The effects of IL 2 and gamma-IFN on the activation human B cells was studied with recombinant gamma-IFN. BCDF-responsive lymphoblastoid cell lines highly purified were employed as target cells. or did not induce any IgG IgM secretion in CESS SKW6-CL4, which inducible conventional T factor(s). alone optimum production Ig, but proliferation SAC-stimulated population. No Leu-1-, Leu-4-, Leu-7-positive detected populations that had been stimulated SAC for 3 days. FACS analysis showed a portion...

Different forms of collective chaos are found in a large population globally coupled identical oscillators the complex Ginzburg-Landau type. Under certain conditions, entire splits into three point-clusters, and their dynamics generates low dimension. It also occurs that all these clusters fused one continuous distribution form closed loop. This object exhibits stretching-and-folding behavior charcteristic to chaos, whose interpretation is provided from approximate equivalence our system an...

Starting from microscopic mechanics, we derive thermodynamic relations for heat conducting nonequilibrium steady states. The extended Clausius relation enables one to experimentally determine entropy the second order in current. associated Shannon-like expression of is suggestive. When current fixed, Gibbs provides a unified treatment forces linear regime.

This paper examines future prospects for rainfed cereal production, and its importance in the evolving global food system. First, undertakes a critical synthesis of literature to assess three primary ways enhance yields: increasing effective rainfall use through improved water management, particularly harvesting; crop yields areas agricultural research; reforming policies investments areas. Second, IMPACT-WATER integrated water-food modeling framework is applied current situation plausible...

We study the nonequilibrium steady state realized in a general stochastic system attached to multiple heat baths. Starting from detailed fluctuation theorem, we derive concise and suggestive expressions for corresponding stationary distribution which are correct up second order thermodynamic forces. The probability of microstate eta is proportional exp[Phi(eta)] where Phi(eta)=-[under summation operator]kbeta_{k}E_{k}(eta) excess entropy change. Here, E_{k}(eta) difference between two kinds...

Different forms of collective chaos are found in a large population globally coupled identical oscillators the complex Ginzburg-Landau type. Under certain conditions, entire splits into three point-clusters, and their dynamics generates low dimension. It also occurs that all these clusters fused one continuous distribution form closed loop. This object exhibits stretching-and-folding behavior charcteristic to chaos, whose interpretation is provided from approximate equivalence our system an...

Recently a novel concise representation of the probability distribution heat conducting nonequilibrium steady states was derived. The is valid to second order in "degree nonequilibrium", and has very suggestive form where effective Hamiltonian determined by excess entropy production. Here we extend wide class realized classical mechanical systems baths (reservoirs) are also defined terms deterministic mechanics. present extension covers such with conduction, particle flow (maintained either...

Abstract The mechanisms whereby interleukin 2 (IL 2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and B cell differentiation factor (BCDF) alone or in combination modulate human are currently under intensive study. To dissect out the effects of individual lymphokines contained mixed lymphocyte reaction-culture supernatants (MLR-CS) on differentiation, we employed pure factors that possessed same activity as MLR-CS 2: 50 U/ml, IFN-gamma: 7 BCDF-Nal: 5 pM/ml, BCDF-YA2: 12.5% v/v) singly to cells. By...

Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been found previously to block mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation and production of discrete cell-derived lymphokines such as interleukin 2 (IL 2) interferon (IFN)-gamma. In addition, CsA blocks pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-driven cell-dependent differentiation B cells into immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting cells. Recently, we reported that (1 microgram/ml) inhibited PWM-induced IL IFN-gamma, but supernatants retained factor (BCDF)-like activity. The present study...

Using the Gō model of a real protein, we explore landscape its metastable structures. First, show how inherent structure energy density can be obtained from probability determined by sampling molecular dynamics trajectories and quenching. The analysis characterize folding transition. Then thermodynamics states established to study equilibrium properties proteins. Our work brings some elements into current discussion about protein dynamical uses simplified illustrate ideas, but, as is much...

We study a liquid-gas coexistence system in container under gravity with heat flow the direction opposite to gravity. By molecular dynamics simulation, we find that liquid buoys up and continues float steadily. The height at which floats is determined by dimensionless parameter related ratio of temperature gradient confirm supercooled gas remains stable above liquid. provide phenomenological argument for explaining phenomenon from simple thermodynamic assumption.

We have attempted to reactivate human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) by infection with HHV-7 using childhood exanthem subitum patients in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from children who had a history of subitum(ES) HHV-6 and infected 7 (HHV-7) The antigen positive rate started increase days after the reached maximum Day 15 an immunofluorescence antibody test. copy number DNA also increased samples 10 No or was detected PBMCs, that mock-infected supernatant stock...

Two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), designated MATG2014 and MATG2033, were generated. They are reactive with the external envelope glycoprotein gp130 of simian immunodeficiency virus macaque monkey (SIVmac2S1), display a cell-free neutralizing activity in vitro. In addition, cross-reacts HIV-2Rod gp140. Epitope mapping these MAbs was performed by screening an SIVmac peptide library expressed yeast confirmed using synthetic peptides. MATG2033 recognize two overlapping epitopes localized...

We study liquid-gas transitions of heat conduction systems in contact with two baths under constant pressure the linear response regime. On basis local equilibrium thermodynamics, we propose an equality a global temperature, which determines volume near transition. find that formation interface is accompanied by discontinuous change when increasing mean temperature baths. A supercooled gas observed as stable steady state.