Abstract Aims To estimate the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in children aged <17 years, compare this with similar data 10 years ago, and characterize clinical features at diagnosis UK Republic Ireland. Methods Using British Paediatric Surveillance Unit reporting framework, cases diagnosed between 1 April 2015 30 2016 were reported each month. Results A total 106 reported, giving a 0.72/100 000 (95% CI 0.58–0.88). Children from ethnic minorities had significantly higher compared white...

Combining multiple classifiers, known as ensemble methods, can give substantial improvement in prediction performance of learning algorithms especially the presence non-informative features data sets. We propose an subset kNN ESkNN, for classification task two steps. Firstly, we choose classifiers based upon their individual using out-of-sample accuracy. The selected are then combined sequentially starting from best model and assessed collective on a validation set. use bench mark sets with...

Estimated genetic associations with prognosis, or conditional on a phenotype (e.g. disease incidence), may be affected by collider bias, whereby conditioning the induces between causes of and prognosis. We propose method, 'Slope-Hunter', that uses model-based clustering to identify utilise class variants only affecting estimate adjustment factor, assuming this explains more variation in than any other variant classes. Simulation studies show our approach eliminates bias outperforms...

Several microorganisms are known for their efficient anaerobic conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol, with Clostridium diolis DSM 15410 as one the better performers in terms molar yield and volumetric productivity. However, this performance is still insufficient compete established chemical processes. Previous studies have shown that high concentrations glycerol, fermentation side products can limit productivity C. 15410. Here, we describe use genome shuffling improved 1,3-propanediol by...

The predictive performance of a random forest ensemble is highly associated with the strength individual trees and their diversity. Ensemble small number accurate diverse trees, if prediction accuracy not compromised, will also reduce computational burden. We investigate idea integrating that are diverse. For this purpose, we utilize out-of-bag observations as validation sample from training bootstrap samples, to choose best based on then assess these for diversity using Brier score an...

Background Observational studies on pubertal timing and asthma, mainly performed in females, have provided conflicting results about a possible association of early puberty with higher risk adult possibly due to residual confounding. To overcome issues confounding, we used Mendelian randomisation (MR), i.e., genetic variants were as instrumental variables estimate causal effects post-pubertal asthma both females males. Methods findings MR analyses UK Biobank 243,316 women using 254 for age...

Residing in greener areas is increasingly linked to beneficial health outcomes, but little known about its effect on respiratory health. We examined associations between residential greenness and nearby green spaces with lung function up 24 years the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. Lung was measured by spirometry at eight, 15 age. Greenness levels within circular buffers (100–1000 m) around birth, eight-, 15- 24-year home addresses were calculated using...

Microarray technology, as well other functional genomics experiments, allow simultaneous measurements of thousands genes within each sample. Both the prediction accuracy and interpretability a classifier could be enhanced by performing classification based only on selected discriminative genes. We propose statistical method for selecting overlapping analysis expression data across classes. This results in novel measure, called proportional score (POS), feature’s relevance to task. apply POS,...

Rationale: Puberty may influence lung function, but the precise role of pubertal height growth in development is unclear.Objectives: To examine associations timing puberty and peak velocity with function adolescence early adulthood.Methods: Longitudinal analyses repeat measurements from age 5 to 20 years for a British birth cohort 4,772 males 4,849 females were conducted characterize trajectories derive using validated SITAR (SuperImposition by Translation Rotation) model. Association these...

BackgroundLatent class analysis (LCA) has been used extensively to identify (latent) phenotypes of childhood wheezing. However, the number and trajectory discovered differed substantially between studies.ObjectiveWe sought investigate sources variability affecting classification phenotypes, key time points for data collection understand wheeze heterogeneity, ascertain association with asthma lung function in adulthood.MethodsWe LCA derive among 3167 participants ALSPAC cohort who had...

Body composition changes throughout life may explain the inconsistent associations reported between body mass index and lung function in children.

Structured Abstract Objectives To investigate centre‐level variation in speech intervention and outcome factors associated with a disorder children Cleft Care UK ( CCUK ). Setting Sample Population Two hundred sixty‐eight 5‐year‐old British non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip palate recruited to . Materials Methods Centre‐based therapists undertook audio‐video recordings. Perceptual analysis was undertaken using the CAPS ‐A tool. Speech outcomes were based on structural articulation scores,...

Abstract Genome‐wide association studies have provided many genetic markers that can be used as instrumental variables to adjust for confounding in epidemiological studies. Recently, the principle has been applied other forms of bias observational studies, especially collider arises when conditioning or stratifying on a variable is associated with outcome interest. An important case disease progression and survival. Here, we clarify links between methods proposed this problem established...

Rationale Lung function in early adulthood is associated with subsequent adverse health outcomes. Objectives To ascertain whether stable and reproducible lung trajectories can be derived different populations investigate their association objective measures of cardiovascular structure function. Methods Using latent profile modelling, we studied three population-based birth cohorts repeat spirometry data from childhood into to identify forced expiratory volume 1 s (FEV )/forced vital capacity...

Abstract Background The relationship between sleep traits and survival in breast cancer is uncertain complex. There are multiple biological, psychological treatment-related factors that could link outcomes. Previous studies be biased due to methodological limitations such as reverse causation confounding. Here, we used two-sample mendelian randomisation (MR) investigate the causal mortality. Methods Publicly available genetic summary data from females of European ancestry UK Biobank 23andme...

Longitudinal epidemiological data are scarce on the relationship between dietary intake of vitamin A and respiratory outcomes in childhood. We investigated whether a higher preformed or pro-vitamin β-carotene mid-childhood is associated with lung function asthma risk adolescence.

Structured Abstract Objectives To explore centre‐level variation in otitis media with effusion ( OME ), hearing loss and treatments children Cleft Care UK CCUK ) to examine the association between , developmental outcomes at 5 7 years. Setting Sample Population Two hundred sixty‐eight 5‐year‐old British non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip palate UCLP recruited . Materials Methods Children had air bone conduction audiometry age 5. Information on grommet aid treatment was obtained from parental...

Although physical activity has many known health benefits, its association with lung function in childhood/adolescence remains unclear. We examined the of physical-activity trajectories between 11 and 15 years at 2266 adolescents.A population-based cohort 14 305 singleton births alive 1 year was recruited UK Avon Longitudinal Study Parents Children cohort. Physical (counts/minute moderate-to-vigorous activity) assessed for 7 days using an accelerometer 11, 13 years. identified sex-specific...

Rationale Early-life exposures may influence lung function at different stages of the life course. However, relative importance characteristics infancy and childhood are unclear. Objectives To examine associations early-life events on age 24 years. Methods We followed 7545 children from Avon Longitudinal Study Parents Children birth to Using previous knowledge, we classified an extensive list putative risk factors for low function, covering sociodemographic, environmental, lifestyle...

Objectives: To (1) determine the prevalence of nonperialveolar palatal fistula up to age 5 following repair unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in United Kingdom, (2) examine association palatoplasty techniques with occurrence, (3) describe frequency repairs their success. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: All 11 centralized regional centers Kingdom. Participants: Two hundred sixty-eight children born between 2005 2007 recruited by Cleft Care UK, a nationwide cross-sectional study...

Abstract Background Studying genetic associations with prognosis (e.g. survival, disability, subsequent disease events) is problematic due to selection bias - also termed index event or collider whereby on status can induce between causes of incidence prognosis. A current method for adjusting this assumes there no correlation and prognosis, which may not be a plausible assumption. Methods We propose an alternative, the ‘Slope-Hunter’ approach, unbiased even when Our approach has two stages....

Structured Abstract Objectives The aims of this study were to describe child behavioural and psychosocial outcomes associated with appearance speech in the Cleft Care UK ( CCUK ) study. We also wanted explore centre‐level variation investigate individual predictors such outcomes. Setting sample population Two hundred sixty‐eight five‐year‐old children non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip palate UCLP recruited . Materials methods Parents completed Strengths Difficulties questionnaire SDQ...

Background/Objective Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is increasing in childhood especially among females and South-Asians. Our objective was to report outcomes from a national cohort of children adolescents with T2DM 1 year following diagnosis. Methods Clinician reported, 1-year follow-up (<17 years) diagnosed reported through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (BPSU) (April 2015-April 2016). Results One hundred (94%) 106 baseline cases were available for review. Of these, five lost follow up...