Hippocampal theta rhythm is thought to underlie learning and memory, it well established that “pacemaker” neurons in medial septum (MS) modulate activity. Recent studies the rat demonstrated brainstem-generated occurs through a multisynaptic pathway via nucleus incertus (NI), which primary source of neuropeptide relaxin-3 (RLN3). Therefore, this study examined possible contribution RLN3 MS activity, associated hippocampal activity spatial memory. In anesthetized conscious rats, we identified...

Contextual fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm used to assess hippocampal-dependent memory in experimental animals. Perception of the context depends on activation distinct population neurons hippocampus and hippocampal-related areas that process discrete aspects perception. In absence any putatively associated cue, becomes salient element may warn an upcoming aversive event; particular conditions, animals generalize this warning new or similar context. study we evaluated effects...

Abstract The nucleus incertus is located caudal to the dorsal raphe and medial tegmentum. It composed of a pars compacta dissipata contains acetylcholinesterase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, cholecystokinin‐positive somata. In present study, anterograde tracer injections in resulted terminal‐like labeling perirhinal cortex endopyriform nucleus, hippocampus, septum diagonal band complex, lateral triangular amygdala, intralaminar thalamic nuclei, habenula. hypothalamus contained dense plexuses...

Key points The nucleus incertus (NI) is a stress and arousal responsive, hindbrain region involved in ascending control of septohippocampal theta rhythm. NI neurons express high levels the neuropeptide relaxin‐3 corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) receptor‐1 (CRF‐R1). We report first in‐depth characterization neurons, using vivo vitro electrophysiological techniques, which reveal population relaxin‐3‐containing activated by CRF via postsynaptic CRF‐R1 non‐relaxin‐3 neuron inhibited or...

Abstract The hippocampal theta rhythm is generated by the pacemaker activity of medial septum‐diagonal band Broca (MS/DBB) neurons. These nuclei are influenced brainstem structures that modulate rhythm. aim present work to determine whether nucleus incertus (NI), which has important anatomical connections with MS/DBB, contributes generation in rats. Hippocampal field was recorded urethane‐anaesthetized Electrical stimulation NI not only evoked hippocampus, but also decreased amplitude delta...

Western diet and lifestyle are associated with overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, which, in turn, correlated neuroinflammation processes. Exercise a healthy important the prevention of these disorders. However, molecules inhibiting might also be efficacious and/or treatment neurological disorders inflammatory etiology. The abscisic acid (ABA) is phytohormone involved hydric-stress responses. This compound not only found plants but other organisms, including mammals. In rodents, ABA can...

Abstract The leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ) gene was recently found to have multiple mutations that are causative for autosomal dominant inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). Previously, we used Northern blot analysis show this expressed in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, medulla, spinal cord, occipital pole, frontal lobe, temporal lobe and caudate putamen. However, a more comprehensive map of mRNA localization central nervous system is still lacking. In study mapped distribution...

Abstract The connections of the olfactory bulbs Podarcis hispanica were studied by tract‐tracing injected horseradish peroxidase. Restricted injections into main bulb (MOB) resulted in bilateral terminallike labeling medial part anterior nucleus (AON) and rostral septum, lateral cortex, tract, ventrolateral amygdaloid nucleus. Bilateral retrograde was found cortex dorsolateral AON. Ipsilaterally dorsal diagonal band, preoptic area, amygdala showed labeled cell bodies. Retrogradely cells also...

Neural tracing studies have revealed that the rat medial and lateral septum are targeted by ascending projections from nucleus incertus, a population of tegmental GABA neurons. These neurons express relaxin-family peptide, relaxin-3, pharmacological modulation relaxin-3 receptors in alters hippocampal theta rhythm spatial memory. In an effort to better understand basis these interactions, we characterized distribution fibers/terminals relation different septal neuron populations identified...

Abstract Efferent projections of the medial cortex lizards Podarcis hispanica and Gallotia stehlinii were studied by examining transport horseradish peroxidase; results correlated with those from Timm‐stained sections. Two efferent systems found. The first reaches distal part outer plexiform layer in medial, dorsomedial, dorsal cortices, i.e., zones that are negative to Timm staining, possibly originates horizontal fusiform neurons. second Timm‐positive septum is topographically arranged:...

Projections from the nucleus incertus (NI) to septum have been implicated in modulation of hippocampal theta rhythm. In this study we describe a previously uncharacterized projection NI, which may provide feedback ascending circuitry. Fluorogold injections into NI resulted retrograde labeling that was concentrated horizontal diagonal band and areas posterior including septofimbrial triangular septal nuclei. Double-immunofluorescent staining indicated majority NI-projecting neurons were...

As is well recognized, serotonergic (5-HT) fibers distribute widely throughout the forebrain, including amygdala. Although a few reports have examined 5-HT innervation of select nuclei amygdala in rat, no previous report has described overall projections to rat. Using immunostaining for serotonin transporter, SERT, we describe complete pattern distribution (proper) and extended Based on its ontogenetic origins, was subdivided into two major parts, pallial subpallial components, with...

Abstract Drug‐induced Pavlovian memories are thought to be crucial for drug addiction because they guide behaviour towards environments with availability. Drug‐related memory depends on persistent changes in dopamine‐glutamate interactions the medial prefrontal cortex ( mPFC ), basolateral amygdala, nucleus accumbens core and hippocampus. Recent evidence from our laboratory indicated that cerebellum is also a relevant node drug‐cue associations. In present study, we tested role specific...