Abstract We investigated the influence of English proficiency on ERPs elicited by lexical semantic violations in sentences, both native speakers and Spanish who learned adulthood. All participants were administered a standardized test proficiency, data analyzed using linear mixed effects (LME) modeling. Relative to learners, late learners showed reduced amplitude delayed onset N400 component associated with reading violations. As well, after anterior negative scalp potentials increased...

Whether acquiring a second language affords any general advantages to executive function has been matter of fierce scientific debate for decades. If being bilingual does have benefits over and above the broader social, employment, lifestyle gains that are available speakers language, then it should manifest as cognitive advantage in population bilinguals. We assessed 11,041 participants on broad battery 12 tasks whose functional neural properties well described. Bilinguals showed an...

Most people will at some point experience not getting enough sleep over a period of days, weeks, or months. However, the effects this kind everyday restriction on high-level cognitive abilities—such as ability to store and recall information in memory, solve problems, communicate—remain poorly understood. In global sample 10000 people, we demonstrated that performance, measured using set 12 well-established tests, is impaired who reported typically sleeping less, more, than 7–8 hours per...

Two key factors govern how bilingual speakers neurally maintain two languages: the speakers' second language age of acquisition (AoA) and their subsequent proficiency. However, relative roles these have been difficult to disentangle given that can be closely correlated, most prior studies examined in isolation. Here, we combine functional magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor identify specific brain areas are independently modulated by AoA proficiency speakers. First-language...

We investigated the extent to which second-language (L2) learning is influenced by similarity of grammatical features in one's first language (L1). used event-related potentials identify neural signatures a novel rule – gender L1 English speakers. Of interest was whether individual differences L2 proficiency and age acquisition (AoA) these effects. native speakers French read sentences that were grammatically correct, or contained either word order violation. Proficiency AoA predicted Left...

Abstract The Late Positive Complex (LPC) is an Event-Related Potential (ERP) consistently observed in recognition-memory paradigms. In the present study, we investigated whether LPC tracks strength of multiple types memory signals, and it does so a decision dependent manner. For this purpose, employed judgements cumulative lifetime exposure to object concepts, recent (i.e., frequency judgements) study-test paradigm. A comparison ERP signatures relation degree prior across two tasks study...

Integrated Information Theory (IIT) posits that integrated information ( Φ ) represents the quantity of a conscious experience. Here, generalized Ising model was used to calculate as function temperature in toy models fully connected neural networks. A Monte–Carlo simulation run on 159 normalized, random, positively weighted networks analogous small five-node excitatory network motifs. generated by this sample measured across parameter spaces. It observed information, an order parameter,...

Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) tend to exhibit similar deficits in memory ability. Early screening of cognitive children NDDs, particularly preschool children, is fundamental improving academic outcomes. In order determine profiles ASD ADHD, we developed accessible audiovisual instructions for an online battery 13 tests. ages 4–16 who were diagnosed ADHD ( n = 83), or 37), typically...

Propofol is a short-acting medication that results in decreased levels of consciousness and used for general anesthesia. Although it the most commonly anesthetic world, much remains unknown about mechanisms by which induces loss consciousness. Characterizing anesthesia-induced alterations to brain network activity might provide powerful framework understanding neural unconsciousness. The aim this work was model healthy brains during various stages consciousness, as induced propofol, auditory...

This cohort study investigates the association between T2* mapping of placental oxygenation and cortical subcortical fetal brain volumes in typically developing fetuses scanned longitudinally third trimester.

The foundational tenet of brain training is that general cognitive functioning can be enhanced by completing computerized games, a notion both intuitive and appealing. Moreover, there strong incentive to improve our abilities, so much it has driven billion-dollar industry. However, whether really produce these desired outcomes continues debated. This is, in part, because the literature replete with studies use ill-defined criteria for establishing transferable improvements cognition, often...

The data from patients with severe brain injuries show complex functions. Due to the difficulties associated these data, computational modeling is an especially useful tool examine structure-function relationship in populations. By using for a disorder of consciousness (DoC), not only we can understand changes information transfer, but also test different states by hypothetically changing anatomical structure. generalized Ising model (GIM), which specializes structural connectivity simulate...

Maintaining cognitive health across the lifespan has been focus of a multi-billion-dollar industry. In order to guide treatment and interventions, clear understanding way that proficiency in different domains develops declines both sexes is necessary. Additionally, there are sex differences range other factors, including psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety, depression, substance use, also known affect cognition, although scale this interaction unknown. Our objective was assess function men...

Abstract Current theories of bilingualism disagree on the extent to which separate brain regions are used maintain or process one's first and second language. The present study took a novel multivariate approach address this question. We examined whether bilinguals distinct neural representations two languages; specifically, we tested areas that involved in processing word meaning either language reliably representing each differently, representation is influenced by individual differences...

Rates of prenatal and postpartum stress depression in pregnant individuals have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Perinatal maternal mental health has been linked to worse motor development offspring, with deficits appearing infancy early childhood. We aimed evaluate relationship between outcome infants born pandemic.One hundred seventeen participants completed an online prospective survey study at two timepoints: pregnancy within 2 months postpartum. Depression was self-reported using...

Maintaining cognitive capacity through adulthood has been the target of many recent studies that have examined influence lifestyle choices such as exercise, diet, and sleeping habits. Many these focused on a single factor (e.g., diet) its effect abilities; however, humans make numerous every day, which interact each other. Here, we investigated whether combinations can predict better or worse performance in general population, optimal existed depending domain. Specifically, 20 self-reported...

Children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders demonstrate extensive cognitive heterogeneity that is not adequately captured by traditional diagnostic systems, emphasizing the need for alternative assessment classification techniques. Using a transdiagnostic approach, retrospective cohort study of functioning was conducted using large heterogenous sample (n = 1529) children 7 to 18 years age disorders. Measures short-term memory, verbal ability, reasoning were administered...

Integration of auditory and visual information is important to both language music. In the linguistic domain, audiovisual integration alters event-related potentials (ERPs) at early stages processing (the mismatch negativity (MMN)) as well later (P300(Andres et al., 2011)). However, role experience in unclear, reading generally confounded with developmental stage. Here we tested whether music appears similar reading, how musical altered integration. We compared brain responses musicians...

Abstract Infants and toddlers are a challenging population upon which to perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, both in research clinical settings. Because large range head size during early years development, paediatric neuro‐MRI requires radiofrequency (RF) coil, or set coils, that is tailored provide highest image quality. Mitigating techniques must also be employed reduce correct for subject motion. This manuscript describes an RF coil with mechanical–electrical design...

Learning to read a second language (L2) can pose great challenge for children who have already been struggling in their first (L1). Moreover, it is not clear whether, what extent, and under circumstances L1 reading difficulty increases the risk of L2 difficulty. This study investigated Chinese (L1) English skills large representative sample 1,824 Chinese-English bilingual Grades 4 5 from both urban rural schools Beijing. We examined prevalence only (poor readers, PC), PE), PB) calculated...