Abstract We studied the morphology of bipolar cells in fixed vertical tissue sections (slices) mouse retina by injecting with Lucifer Yellow and Neurobiotin. Nine different cone cell types one rod type were distinguished. The major criteria for classifying branching pattern stratification level their axon terminals inner plexiform layer (IPL). To assess this, IPL was subdivided into five strata equal width. slices immunostained calretinin, which labels three horizontal bands serving as a...

Abstract With the ever‐growing number of transgenic mice being used in vision research, a precise knowledge cellular organization mouse retina is required. As with cat, rabbit, rat, and primate retinae, as many 10 cone bipolar types one rod type can be expected to exist retina; however, they still have defined. In current study, several immunocytochemical markers were applied sections retina, labeling cells was studied using confocal microscopy electron microscopy. By antibodies against...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contain at least one atom and or more unpaired electrons include singlet oxygen, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl hydroperoxyl free nitrogen radicals. Intracellular ROS can be formed as a consequence of several factors, including ultra-violet (UV) radiation, electron leakage during aerobic respiration, inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages, other external stimuli stress. The enhanced production is termed oxidative stress this leads to cellular damage,...

Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and vanilloid (TRPV1) channels are crucial for detecting transmitting nociceptive stimuli. Inflammatory pain is associated with sustained increases in TRPA1 TRPV1 expression primary sensory neurons. However, the epigenetic mechanisms driving this upregulation remain unknown. G9a (encoded by Ehmt2) catalyzes H3K9me2 generally represses gene transcription. In study, we found that intrathecal administration of UNC0638, a specific inhibitor, or...

We studied the relationship between morphology of ganglion cells and spatial density photoreceptors in retina two Old World primates, human macaque monkey; diurnal New marmoset Callithrix jacchus; cat. Ganglion were labelled by intracellular injection with Neurobiotin or Dil diffusion labelling fixed tissue. Cone photoreceptor densities measured from same retinas. Supplemental data for cat taken published studies. For primates studied, central is characterised a constant numerical...

Type-2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2, encoded by the Cnr2 gene) are mainly expressed in immune cells, and CB2 agonists normally have no analgesic effect. However, nerve injury upregulates dorsal root ganglion (DRG), following which stimulation reduces neuropathic pain. It is unclear how increases expression or activity transformed In this study, immunoblotting showed that spinal ligation (SNL) induced a delayed sustained increase DRG cord synaptosomes. RNAscope situ hybridization also SNL...

We studied the morphology of retinal ganglion cells in a diurnal New World primate, marmoset Callithrix jacchus. This species is interest as model for primate vision because it has good behavioural visual acuity, and retina subcortical pathways are very similar to those Old monkeys humans. Ganglion were labelled by placing small crystals carbocyanin dye Dil into optic fibre layer, or intracellular injection neurobiotin. Two main classes cell labelled. call these Group A B cells: they...

The epigenetic enzymes catalyze posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones, which functionally determine gene expression at the chromatin level. Resveratrol (RVT) a much studied anti-cancer natural molecule is known for restoration BRCA1, p53, and p21 in cancer cells. We aimed to investigate role histone methylation acetylation on upregulation these tumor suppressor genes. Our results suggest RVT significantly increase p21, while decreased protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5)...

We have studied the components of short wavelength-sensitive (SWS or “blue”) cone pathway in retina a New World primate, marmoset Callithrix jacchus. Of particular interest was small bistratified ganglion cell, which has been identified macaque monkey to be morphological substrate blue-ON cell (Dacey and Lee [1994] Nature 367:731–735). Small cells were intracellularly filled with Neurobiotin an vitro retinal wholemount preparation. Their morphology, size, level dendritic stratification...

Rod bipolar (RB) cells of the mammalian retina release glutamate in a graded, light-dependent fashion from 20 to 40 ribbon synapses (dyads). At dyads, two classes amacrine cells, AI and AII are postsynaptic partners. We examined receptors (GluRs) that expressed by using immunocytochemistry with specific antibodies against GluR subunits. Sections macaque monkey rabbit were confocal microscopy. selectively labeled for calretinin, rabbits 5-HT uptake. Thus, double- triple-labeling these markers...

A workshop entitled "Metrology and Standards Needs for Gene Expression Technologies: Universal RNA Standards" was held in March 2003 to define the requirements standardizing RNA-based molecular assays, specifically microarray quantitative reverse-transcriptase-PCR technologies. NIST sponsored workshop, participants represented government, industry, academia, clinic. Workshop concluded that as a first step, two reference materials could be defined would help standardization of gene-expression...

The diversification of the BODIPY scaffold has been hindered by its controversial adaptability to solid-phase chemistry. Herein we report first synthesis a library in high purities. We screened against set proteins, identified an immunoglobulin fluorescent sensor (Ig Orange) and confirmed binding SPR experiments.

The development of a fluorescent probe capable detecting and distinguishing the wide diversity G-quadruplex structures is particularly challenging. Herein, we report novel BODIPY-based sensor (GQR) that shows unprecedented selectivity to parallel-stranded G-quadruplexes with exposed ends four medium grooves. Mechanistic studies suggest GQR associates grooves close end tetrad core, which may explain dye's specificity only subset parallel structures. This specific recognition favours...

Small bistratified (blue-ON) ganglion cells in the primate retina are involved processing short wavelength sensitive cone signals. These stratify both ON- and OFF-sublamina of inner plexiform layer. We investigated origin synaptic input to small cell a New World primate, marmoset Callithrix jacchus. Two from peripheral were intracellularly filled with Lucifer Yellow, subsequently photoconverted processed for electron microscopy. Serial ultrathin sections cut through portions each cell, these...

The diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is based on red cell morphology and other conventional tests such as osmotic fragility, autohemolysis acidified glycerol lysis. However, milder cases are at times difficult to diagnose. Confirmation by blood (RBC) membrane protein analysis not possible in most laboratories. Recently, a flow cytometric method has been described for quantitating the fluorescence intensity intact cells after incubation with dye eosin-5'-maleimide (EMA), which binds...

Plastins are a family of human actin-binding proteins (isoforms) which abundantly expressed in all normal replicating mammalian cells. One isoform, L-plastin, is constitutively at high levels hemopoietic cell types while T-plastin non-hemopoietic cells solid tissues that have replicative potential (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial melanocytes, etc.). L-plastin is, however, synthesized many malignant suggesting its expression induced during tumorigenesis. The frequency induction...