Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy are critically dependent on embryo-maternal communication during the preimplantation period. To gain new insights into this complex process in horse, transcriptional profiling Day 13.5 pregnant cyclic endometrial tissue samples was carried out using custom-designed microarrays. Selected array data were validated quantitative RT-PCR, proteins interest localized immunohistochemistry. One hundred six transcripts up-regulated, whereas 47 showed lower...

Transient endometritis after breeding is necessary for clearance of bacteria and spermatozoa; however, in a subpopulation mares, the inflammation fails to resolve timely fashion. The objective this study was describe uterine inflammatory response mares susceptible or resistant persistent breeding-induced (PBIE) during first 24 h induction inflammation. Twelve were classified as ( n =6) PBIE. Mares inseminated over five estrous cycles endometrial biopsies collected at one time point per cycle...

Equine spermatozoa induce a uterine inflammatory response characterized by rapid, transient influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Seminal plasma proteins have been shown to modulate the interaction between and PMNs, but specific protein responsible for this function has not identified. The objective study was isolate identify in equine seminal that suppresses binding PMNs. pooled from five stallions, were precipitated 60% (w/v) ammonium sulfate dialyzed (3500 MW cutoff). Proteins...

Currently, placentitis, an important cause of late pregnancy loss in mares, is diagnosed by clinical signs and ultrasonography. Acute phase proteins (APP) are mainly produced secreted the liver response to acute inflammatory stimuli. We hypothesized that APP increased mares with placentitis.Concentrations serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), fibrinogen (Fb), white blood cell counts (WBC) were determined plasma experimentally induced placentitis gestationally age-matched control mares....

Equine fetuses have substantial circulating pregnenolone concentrations and thus been postulated to provide significant substrate for placental 5α-reduced pregnane production, but the fetal site of synthesis remains unclear. The current studies investigated steroid in blood, adrenal glands, gonads placenta from (4, 6, 9 10 months gestational age (GA)), as well tissue steroidogenic enzyme transcript levels. Pregnenolone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were most abundant steroids was...

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a granulosa-cell-derived glycoprotein, which plays an important inhibitory role during folliculogenesis. Concentrations of AMH are highly correlated with antral follicle counts (AFCs) in other species, turn related to follicular reserve. Relatively little known about and AFC the mare.To determine plasma concentrations AFCs mares different ages, measure repeatability within across oestrous cycles assess relationship between regard mare age size.An observational...

In spite of controversy, recent studies present evidence that a microbiome is in the human placenta. However, there limited information about potential equine placental microbiome. study, we characterized microbial population placenta (chorioallantois) healthy prepartum (280 days gestation, n = 6) and postpartum (immediately after foaling, 351 11) mares, using 16S rDNA sequencing (rDNA-seq). both groups, majority bacteria belonged to phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria,...

Background: Therapies for cartilage restoration are of great interest, but current options provide limited results. In salamanders, interzone (IZN) tissue can regenerate large joint lesions. The mammalian homolog to this exists during fetal development and exhibits remarkable chondrogenesis in vitro. This study analyzed the potential equine IZN adjacent anlagen (ANL) cells osteochondral defects. Methods: Osteochondral defects were created knee immunosuppressed rats grafted with cell pellets...

ABSTRACT Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) encodes a transcriptional activator, Tax, whose activity is believed to contribute significantly cellular transformation. Tax stimulates transcription from the proviral promoter as well promoters for variety of genes. The mechanism through which communicates general factors and RNA polymerase II has not been completely determined. We investigated whether could function directly or if other intermediary coactivators were required. Our...

The crystal structure of the coxsackievirus B3 polymerase has been solved at 2.25-A resolution and is shown to be highly homologous polymerases from poliovirus, rhinovirus, foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Together, these structures highlight several conserved structural elements in picornaviral polymerases, including a proteolytic activation-dependent N-terminal that essential for full activity. Interestingly, comparison all shows an unusual conformation residue 5, which always located...

Oncogenesis associated with human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) infection is directly linked to the virally encoded transcription factor Tax. To activate HTLV-1 Tax interacts cellular protein CREB and pleiotropic coactivators CBP p300.While extensively studied, molecular mechanisms of function coactivator utilization are not fully understood.Previous studies have focused on binding KIX domain CBP, as this was believed be key step in recruiting promoter.In study, we identify a carboxy-terminal...

Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) is responsible for the metabolism of insulin and plays a role in clearance Aβ peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease. Unlike most proteolytic enzymes, IDE, which consists four structurally related domains exists primarily as dimer, exhibits allosteric kinetics, being activated by both small substrate peptides polyphosphates such ATP.The crystal structure catalytically compromised mutant IDE has electron density ligands bound at active site domain 1 distal...

Contents The first objective of this study was to evaluate intrauterine nitric oxide ( NO ) and endometrial inducible synthase (i NOS in mares susceptible or resistant persistent breeding‐induced endometritis PBIE within 24 h after breeding. Mares (n = 6) were inseminated over five cycles, uterine secretions biopsies collected before 2, 6, 12 insemination. Uterine analysed for analyzed i expression. A second experiment evaluated the effect treatment with dexamethasone mycobacterial cell wall...

The human chromosome 14 microRNA cluster (C14MC) is a conserved (miRNA) across eutherian mammals, reported to play an important role in placental development. However, the expression kinetics and function of this mammalian placenta are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated equine C24MC, ortholog C14MC, chorioallantoic membrane during course gestation. We demonstrated that C24MC-associated miRNAs presented higher level early stages pregnancy, followed by decline later Evaluation one member...

In the horse, breeding induces a transient endometrial inflammation. A subset of mares are unable to resolve this inflammation, and they considered susceptible persistent mating-induced endometritis PMIE Select seminal plasma proteins cysteine-rich secretory protein-3 (CRISP-3) lactoferrin have been shown affect innate immune response sperm in vitro. The objective study was determine whether addition CRISP-3 at time insemination had an effect on mRNA expression cytokines after breeding. Six...

Steroidogenic enzymes in placentas shape steroid hormone profiles the maternal circulation of each mammalian species. These include 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase (3βHSD) and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase cytochrome P450 (P450c17) crucial for progesterone androgen synthesis, respectively, as well aromatase (P450arom) that converts Δ4-androgens to estrogens. 5α-reductase is another important enzyme equine because 5α-dihydroprogesterone (DHP) sustains pregnancy absence second...