Is it possible to tell how interdisciplinary and out-of-the-box scientific papers are, or which are mainstream? Here we use the bibliographic coupling network, derived from all physics that were published in Physical Review journals past century, try identify them as mainstream, out-of-the-box, interdisciplinary. We show network clusters into fields. The position of individual with respect these allows us estimate their degree mainstreamness interdisciplinarity. over decades fraction...

Even as we advance the frontiers of physics knowledge, our understanding how this knowledge evolves remains at descriptive levels Popper and Kuhn. Using APS publications data sets, ask in letter new is built upon old knowledge. We do so by constructing year-to-year bibliographic coupling networks, identify them validated communities that represent different research fields. then visualize their evolutionary relationships form alluvial diagrams, show they remain intact through journal splits....

Abstract Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) has become an indispensable tool for investigating the electromechanical coupling properties of materials at nanoscale, from bulk ferroelectric/piezoelectric to thin films. However, it been gradually accepted that PFM signals can originate various sources, including piezoelectric effect, electrostatic interaction, and flexoelectric effect. Herein, we utilized contact resonance-enhanced modes non-contact Kelvin probe qualitatively quantitatively...

Percolation theory has been widely used to study phase transitions in network systems. It also successfully explained various macroscopic spreading phenomena across different fields. Yet, the theoretical frameworks have focusing on direct interactions among nodes, while recent empirical observations shown that indirect are common many systems like social and ecological networks, others. By investigating detailed mechanism of both influence scientific collaboration here we show can play...

The advancement of science, as outlined by Popper and Kuhn, is largely qualitative, but with bibliometric data, it possible desirable to develop a quantitative picture scientific progress. Furthermore, also important allocate finite resources research topics that have the growth potential accelerate process from breakthroughs technological innovations. In this paper, we address problem knowledge evolution analyzing APS data sets 1981 2010. We build bibliographic coupling co-citation...

The TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">02</sub> mode has advantage in power capacity over the fundamental xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> relativistic backward-wave oscillator (RBWO), whereas our formal experiment, microwave pulse seemed not as wide we expected. In this article, of is investigated theoretically and mechanisms corresponding to shortening are analyzed detail. It found that RBWO results from...

Explosive emission cathodes are widely used in high power microwave generation. Conventional metallic have the disadvantages of bad uniformity and short lifetime. In order to improve property cathodes, a new metal-dielectric cathode is fabricated with plasma spraying technology. Unlike previous our adopts ferroelectric ceramic which possesses large permittivity. The results lifetime experiments show presents just slight performance deterioration within 2.5 × 105 pulses thus has much longer...

This paper investigates an X band high efficiency klystron-like relativistic backward wave oscillator (RBWO) in detail. The RBWO consists of a pre-modulation cavity, resonant reflector with ridge, sectional slow structure, and extraction cavity. First, this gives some theoretical studies about beam modulation energy extraction. For modulation, the optimized distance between cavity is studied theoretically, results agree well simulation results. extraction, ellipse power capacity come up...

Coupling chemomechanical yield is one of the key issues in oxidation metal and polymer matrix materials. In this paper, evolving equations for fully coupled thermal–chemical–mechanical processes were derived using theory thermodynamics. Then, condition flow rule directly obtained from evolution by extending von Mises plasticity. The reveals that only chemical reactions or diffusions may lead to material even without mechanical stress, which significantly differs previous works. addition,...

Comparative measurements with high-pressure spark gaps (gas pressure: 0.2–0.9 MPa nitrogen, gap spacing 5 mm) are presented, one a regular Bruce-profile polished graphite cathode (diameter 25 mm, thickness 8 and the other microarray of equal dimensions. By microstructuring, V-type is created by purpose-developed laser treatment plane electrode. The brings more initial plasma then produces electrons. It beneficial for electron emission, which improves stability switch breakdown. experimental...

In this paper, we study the propagation and time-evolution behavior of superfluorescence in an overdamped semiconductor ring microcavity. By introducing a re-coupling mechanism between unidirectionally propagating cooperative exciton state with specified Gaussian spatial distribution, can compress width photoluminescence (PL) pulse both temporal scales. Using realistic parameters from perovskite superlattice materials, observe that maximum intensity increases twofold compared to ordinary...

Abstract Electrochemical processes in solids are affected by the properties of various interfaces, where flexoelectric effect manifests itself considerably due to inevitable strong gradient fields. Thus, it is crucial study coupling between electrochemical process and effect. Based on continuum theory, we conducted finite element implementation for flexochemical effect, being flexoelectricity, Vegard chemical reactions. Then, developed method employed investigate arising scanning probe...

In this paper, the effects of these structure parameters variations on performances TWT are investigated. Therein, working voltage can be determined from dispersion curve slow-wave structure, as shown in Fig. 2, and amplitude-frequency characteristics predicted frequency spectrums input output power, 3 4, by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. These results will favor design circularly polarized traveling-wave tube.

Abstract Scientific research is an essential stage of the innovation process. However, it remains unclear how a scientific idea becomes applied knowledge and, after that, commercial product. This paper describes hypothesis based on emergence new fields from more mature interactions between latter. We focus graphene, rising field in materials science, as case study. First, we used coclustering method titles and abstracts graphene papers to organize them into four meaningful robust topics...

Nowadays, patenting activities are essential in converting applied science to technology the prevailing innovation model. To gain strategic advantages technological competitions between regions, nations need leverage investments of public and private funds diversify over all technologies or specialize a small number technologies. In this paper, we investigated who leaders at regional assignee levels, how they attained their leadership positions, whether adopted diversification specialization...