The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is a potential stabilizer of the knee and cooperates with anterior cruciate (ACL). It originates on lateral epicondyle femur, to which it mainly posterior proximal; insertion Gerdy's tubercle. Its anatomical characteristics vary. Recent publications have focused morphological variations concerning femoral tibial attachments, morphometric measurements. Histological cystochemical examinations also been performed. Classical dissection was performed 111 lower...

There are countless morphological variations among the muscles, tendons, ligaments, arteries, veins and nerves of human body, many which remain undescribed. Anatomical structures also subject to evolution, disappearing others continually emerging. The main goal this pilot study was describe a previously undetected anatomical structure, plantaris ligamentous tendon, determine its frequency histology. Twenty-two lower limbs from 11 adult cadavers (11 left, right) fixed in 10% formalin were...

Abstract The body is home to a number of unique and intriguing anatomical structures, plenty which concern the muscles their tendons. Of these, plantaris muscle reported present particularly high range morphological variations. muscle, passing distally throughout length lower leg, consists small belly long, thin tendon. It originates, traditionally, on popliteal surface femur knee joint capsule, then inserts calcaneal tuberosity. has been suggested that mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy may...

The plantaris is a small muscle of the superficial posterior compartment leg. It originates at lateral supracondylar line femur and knee joint capsule, from where it continues distally, forming long slender tendon distally attached to calcaneal tuberosity. During standard anatomical dissection four-headed was found all its heads connected each other as single belly passing into tendinous structure which muscle. first head originated popliteal surface femur. second one distal Kaplan fiber. In...

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological variations in proximal attachments and create an accurate classification PPM for use planning surgical procedures area, evaluating radiological imaging rehabilitation. One hundred thirty-four lower limbs body donors (52 woman 82 man) fixed 10% formalin solution were examined. popliteus muscle present all 134 limbs. Four main types identified with subtypes. most common type Type I (34.3%), characterized by a single...

Abstract Purpose Seemingly a well-known, weak, and vestigial plantaris muscle should not be revelation. However, recent studies have shown that this structure is incredibly underestimated perceived only as an infirm flexor of the talocrural joint, knee joint or great source graft tissue. Usually, origin inconspicuous begins at lateral supracondylar line femur capsule. It continues distally, forming long slender tendon. In most cases, it inserts onto calcaneal tuberosity on medial side...

The fibularis tertius (FT) is one of three muscles which constitute the anterior compartment leg. anatomical variants this muscle usually pertain to its origins, number final tendons or points and shapes insertions. In case, it had an additional slip (AS) originated from same area as main belly after descending along extensor digitorum longus (EDL) fused with tendons. tendon, in usual manner, reached proximal dorsal surface fifth metatarsal bone. To our knowledge, no similar case been...

Abstract The plantaris muscle is located in the posterior aspect of superficial compartment lower leg, running from lateral condyle femur to calcaneal tuberosity. Classically, it characterized by a small and fusiform belly, which then changes into long slender tendon. From evolutionary point view, considered vestigial. However, has recently been suspected being highly specialized sensory because its high density spindles. It noticeable tendency vary respect both origin insertion. Researchers...

Anatomical variations are routinely encountered during dissections of muscles and in clinical practice, so anatomists clinicians need to be aware them. One such muscle is the tensor fascia suralis, a very rare located popliteal fossa. It can originate from any hamstring it inserts into leg. This report presents case variant deep biceps femoris; originated posterior surface femur inserted unclear whether this suralis or completely new muscle.

The ligamentum mucosum (LM) is a ligamentous structure within the synovial layer of knee joint capsule. For long time LM was perceived as vestigial remnant from embryological development knee. However, last years have shown increased interest in this due to its potentially significant clinical role. Fifty-one, 12 females (mean age 83.1 ± 3.4 years) and 39 males 84.2 6.8 fixed 10% formalin were examined. Upon dissection, following morphological features assessed: types LM, morphometric...

Some muscles present neuromuscular compartments, one of which is the gracilis muscle. The aim study to determine number compartments within muscle based on its intramuscular innervation patterns; such knowledge could be value in free functional transfer. comprised 72 (38 women, 34 men), fixed 10% formalin solution. were removed and then stained using Sihler's method. When sufficient transparency was achieved, some measurements made. Three different types distinguished. Type I (70.8%)...

Background: While many structures within the human body demonstrate anatomical variations, this is not typically case for iliopsoas muscle complex. However, present paper describes a of an anomalous psoas major composed four different muscular heads in 78-year-old male cadaver. Materials and methods: During routine dissection right posterior abdominal wall, unusual was observed, measured photographed. Results: The found to possess heads, otherwise anatomy wall normal. Conclusions: presence...

The iliopsoas muscle complex traditionally consists of the iliacus and psoas major, occasionally including minor. These elements were distinguished based on their shared function common distal attachment. Although accessory structures have been previously reported within complex, they are rare. This study reports an unusual observation co-occurrence two additional muscles during dissection: a four-headed whose anatomical position morphological features indicate high possibility femoral nerve...

The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological variations in distal attachment popliteofibular ligament (PFL) and create an accurate classification for use planning surgical procedures area evaluating radiological imaging. One hundred thirty-seven lower limbs body donors fixed 10% formalin solution were examined presence course PFL. PFL present 88.3% cases. We propose following three-fold classification: type I (72.3%), most common type, characterized by onto apex head...

The fibular collateral ligament is a permanent and extracapsular of the knee joint. It located on lateral aspect extends from epicondyle femur to surface head fibula. As one main joint ligaments it stabilizer posterolateral corner resists varus stress. case report displays bifurcated variant ligament. aim this study determine which those bands should be considered dominant.Classical anatomical dissection was performed left thoroughly cleansed around its origin, distal attachments, course....

Abstract Background: Ligamentum Mucosum(LM) is a ligamentous structure within the synovial layer of knee joint capsule. For long time LM was perceived as vestigial remnant from embryological development knee. Being treated an irrelevant often first victim shaver during arthroscopy. However, last years have shown increased interest in this due to its potentially significant clinical role. Our aim classify based on morphological characteristics and examine microanatomy reveal potential value...