Making decisions based on choice-outcome history is a crucial, adaptive ability in life. However, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying history-dependent decision-making are poorly understood. In particular, history-related signals have been found many brain areas during various tasks, but causal involvement of these guiding behavior unclear. Here we addressed this issue utilizing behavioral modeling, two-photon calcium imaging, and optogenetic inactivation mice. We report that subset...

Long-term training of motor skills reorganizes circuits to bypass primary cortex.

Adaptability of reaching movements depends on a computation in the brain that transforms sensory cues, such as those indicate position and velocity arm, into motor commands. Theoretical consideration shows encoding properties neural elements implementing this transformation dictate how errors should generalize from one limb to another. To estimate cues are encoded by these elements, we designed experiments quantified spatial generalization environments where forces depended both limb. The...

Objective. Local field potentials (LFPs) that carry information about the subject's motor intention have potential to serve as a complement or alternative spike signals for brain–machine interfaces (BMIs). The goal of this study is assess utility LFPs BMIs by characterizing largely unknown coding properties multichannel LFPs. Approach. Two monkeys were implanted, each with 16-channel electrode array, in parietal reach region where both and spikes are known encode intended target. We examined...

A process of making a new type silicon depth-probe microelectrode array is described using combination plasma and wet etch. The etch, which done low temperature oxide (LTO) mask, enables probe thickness to be controlled over range from 5 90 /spl mu/. Bending tests show that the probe's mechanical strength depends largely on shank thickness. More force can he applied thicker shanks while thinner are more flexible. One then choose corresponding developed. entire shaping performed only at...

The precise control of movement execution onset is essential for safe and autonomous cortical motor prosthetics. A recent study from the parietal reach region (PRR) suggested that local field potentials (LFPs) in this area might be useful decoding time information because striking difference LFP spectrum between plan states (Scherberger et al., 2005). More specifically, power 0–10 Hz band sharply rises while 20–40 falls as state transitions to execution. However, a change visual stimulus...

Coordinated eye movements are crucial for precision control of our hands. A commonly believed neural mechanism underlying eye–hand coordination is interaction between the networks controlling each effector, exchanging, and matching information, such as movement target location onset time. Alternatively, may result simply from common inputs to independent hand pathways. Thus far, it remains unknown whether where either these two possible mechanisms exists. candidate former mechanism,...

Not all movements require the motor cortex for execution. Intriguingly, dependence on of a given movement is not fixed, but instead can dynamically change over course long-term learning. For instance, rodent forelimb that initially become independent after an extended period training. However, it remains unclear whether neural changes rendering dispensable are simple function training length. To address this issue, we trained mice (both male and female) to perform two distinct movements,...

Abstract Objective . Neural decoding is an important tool in neural engineering and data analysis. Of various machine learning algorithms adopted for decoding, the recently introduced deep promising to excel. Therefore, we sought apply decode movement trajectories from activity of motor cortical neurons. Approach In this paper, assessed performance methods three different schemes, concurrent, time-delay, spatiotemporal. concurrent scheme where input network coincidental movement, networks...

Abstract Background The therapeutic efficacy of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) in elderly patients with hypertension and at risk fractures has been the limelight because accumulating evidence that localized RAS activation bone tissue leads to osteoclastic resorption, resulting osteoporosis. This study set out investigate association between RASi use fracture incidence a large cohort. Methods We employed nested case–control design newly developed fractures. A case was defined as...

Local field potentials (LFPs) have shown diverse relations to the spikes across different brain areas and stimulus features, suggesting that LFP-spike relationships are highly specific underlying connectivity of a local network. If so, relationship may vary even within one area under same task condition if neurons heterogeneous with active input sources during task. Here, we tested this hypothesis in parietal reach region (PRR), which includes two distinct classes motor goal planning visual...

The spiking activity in the parietal reach region (PRR) represents spatial goal of an impending when is directed toward or away from a visual object. local field potentials (LFPs) this also represent to Thus PRR candidate area for reading out patient's intended goals neural prosthetic applications. For natural behaviors, are not always based on location object, e.g., playing piano following sheet music moving verbal directions. So far it has been directly tested whether and how such...

Infection status of intestinal flukes was investigated in residents Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, the Republic Korea. Total 1,257 fecal samples were examined by formalin-ether sedimentation technique and Kato-Katz thick smear method. Helminth eggs detected from 95 (7.6%) residents, heterophyid Clonorchis sinensis found 62 (4.9%) 40 (3.2%) cases, respectively. The larger eggs, somewhat dark-brown color 37.7 × 21.5 µm average size, 32 (2.6%) out egg positive cases flukes. To confirm adult flukes, we...

Ultrasonography (US) has recently proved to be useful in diagnostic dermatology. It is convenient use, completely safe, and provides valuable information.This study was performed compare the accuracy of US with that clinical diagnosis patients benign subcutaneous lesions.We retrospectively examined data for 100 lesions who were diagnosed either biopsy or surgery at Seoul National University Boramae Hospital between January 2010 May 2013.Ultrasonography significantly increased yield...

Abstract Introduction Among non‐ablative devices for wrinkle reduction and skin laxity, long pulsed 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser ( LPND ) has considerable effectiveness. It can penetrate to deep dermis due its longer wavelength. This study assesses the efficacy safety of applying new parameters rejuvenation in K orean subjects. Methods A prospective randomized split‐faced was done n = 20). Half face treated with three passes at a spot size 12 mm, 20–24 J/cm 2 fluence, ms width, frequency Hz,...