Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and reactive astrogliosis, which contribute to secondary tissue loss, impaired regeneration, associated functional disabilities. Here, we show that up-regulation of cell cycle components is with caspase-mediated apoptosis glial proliferation after TBI in rats. In primary astrocyte cultures, inhibition (including the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors flavopiridol, roscovitine, olomoucine) reduced proteins, limited death...

The increased use of explosives in recent wars has the number veterans with blast injuries. Of particular interest is injury to brain, and a key question whether primary overpressure wave injurious or brain from mostly due secondary tertiary effects. Using shock tube generating waves comparable open-field waves, we explored effects on parenchymatous organs mice emphasis brain. main injuries nonbrain were hemorrhages lung interstitium alveolar spaces hemorrhagic infarcts liver, spleen,...

The present study investigates whether whole-body or local (chest) exposure to blast overpressure can induce ultrastructural, biochemical, and cognitive impairments in the brain.Male Wistar rats were trained for an active avoidance task 6 days. On day 6, that had acquired response subjected injury (WBBI), generated by large-scale shock tube (n = 40); (LBI), induced focused on right middle thoracic region small-scale 40) while heads of animals protected. At completion testing, killed at 3...

Objective To determine the relations between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and several neurologic outcomes 6 months or more after TBI. Participants Not applicable. Design Systematic review of published, peer-reviewed literature. Primary Measures Results We identified 75 studies that examined TBI outcomes. Unprovoked seizures are causally related to penetrating as well moderate severe There was only limited evidence an association mild Dementia Alzheimer's type (DAT) associated with TBI, but...

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is considered the 'signature injury' of combat veterans that have served during wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. This prevalence mTBI due part to common exposure high explosive blasts zones. In addition threats blunt impact trauma caused by flying objects head itself being propelled against objects, primary blast overpressure (BOP) generated explosives capable injuring brain. Compared other means causing TBI, pathophysiology mild-to-moderate BOP less well...

Due to complex injurious environment where multiple blast effects interact with the body parallel, blast-induced neurotrauma is a unique clinical entity induced by systemic, local, and cerebral responses. Activation of autonomous nervous system; sudden pressure increase in vital organs such as lungs liver; activation neuroendocrine-immune system are among most important mechanisms that contribute significantly molecular changes cascading injury brain. It has been hypothesized vagally...

Brain edema and swelling is a critical factor in the high mortality morbidity associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite this, mechanisms its development are poorly understood interventions have not changed over 30 years. Although neuropeptides neurogenic inflammation been implicated peripheral formation, their role of central nervous system after trauma has investigated. This study examines neuropeptide, substance P (SP), functional deficits rats. After severe diffuse TBI adult...

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common source of morbidity from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. With no overt lesions on structural MRI, diagnosis chronic mild TBI military veterans relies obtaining an accurate history assessment behavioral symptoms that are also associated with frequent comorbid disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) depression. Military Afghanistan ( n = 30) PTSD depression non‐TBI participants primary 42) confirmatory 28) control groups were...

To evaluate the effect of blast in common war injuries.One thousand three hundred and patients injured by explosive munitions demonstrating extremity wounds without other penetrating injuries were admitted to Military Medical Academy Belgrade between 1991 1994. Of these, 665 (51%) had symptoms physical signs that compatible with clinical diagnosis primary injury, whereas remaining 658 did not.Random sampling 65 group during early posttraumatic period showed statistically significant...

The local, general, and cerebral responses of rabbits exposed to pulmonary blasts were examined define the role vagal afferentation in cardiorespiratory as well metabolic control after a blast injury. Two series experiments conducted on analyze injury caused by overpressure, evaluate effects bilateral vagotomy local (pulmonary) wave was generated laboratory conditions using an air-driven shock tube that able cause moderate injury, i.e., four contusions characterized confluent ecchymoses...

Blast injuries, that is injuries caused by the complex pressure wave generated some explosions, show increasing frequency throughout world. However, whether blast injury capable of inducing memory dysfunction has not been previously investigated. The present study examines effects injury-induced neurotrauma on deficit in rats. Furthermore, it hypothesized injury, stimulating nitric oxide production medial mesodiencephalic reticular formation and dorsal hippocampus, both structures being...

In an effort to characterize thyroid, gonadal and adrenal function following neurotrauma, the present study determined serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), testosterone cortisol over a 7 day period in 31 patients with traumatic brain injury. The group consisted eight mild closed head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale--GCS 13-15), 10 extensive penetrating (GCS 4-6) 13 blast injuries but without direct trauma. latter was included...

Blast injuries, that is injuries caused by the complex pressure wave generated some explosions, show increasing frequency throughout world. However, whether blast injury capable of inducing memory dysfunction has not been previously investigated. The present study examines effects injury-induced neurotrauma on deficit in rats. Furthermore, it hypothesized injury, stimulating nitric oxide production medial mesodiencephalic reticular formation and dorsal hippocampus, both structures being...

Article Abstract Click to enlarge page Awareness that concussions are more serious than previously believed has been increasing. Also known as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), often occur, and multiple times, in both military sports settings. Brain injuries can seriously negatively impact patients, leading changes personality, sleep problems, cognitive impairments increase the risk for suicide, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety. In some people, repetitive mTBI lead...

Time-dependent changes in blood-based protein biomarkers can help identify the -pathological processes blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), assess severity, and monitor disease progression. We obtained blood from control injured mice (exposed to a single, low-intensity blast) at 2-h, 1-day, 1-week, 1-month post-injury. then determined serum levels of related metabolism (4-HNE, HIF-1α, ceruloplasmin), vascular function (AQP1, AQP4, VEGF, vWF, Flk-1), inflammation (OPN, CINC1,...

In studies designed to evaluate the therapeutic window for treatment of traumatic brain injury, caspase 3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk improved neurologic function and reduced lesion volumes when administered at 1 but not 4, 8, or 24 hours after injury. Moreover, neither nor PARP, a substrate, were cleaved in injured, untreated cortex from 72 Few cortical neurons expressed active TUNEL positive 6 staining was primarily Type I (necrotic). Nissl revealed extensive neuronal necrosis injured impact....

Brain trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, both in adult pediatric populations. Much the functional deficit derives from delayed cell death resulting induction neurotoxic factors that overwhelm endogenous neuroprotective responses. To identify potential molecular mechanisms underlying such responses, we compared gene expression patterns using high-density oligonucleotide arrays at 4, 8, 24, 72 h after moderate levels lateral fluid percussion–induced brain injury rats...