Numerical data that are normally distributed can be analyzed with parametric tests, is, tests which based on the parameters define a normal distribution curve. If is uncertain, plotted as probability plot and visually inspected, or tested for normality using one of number goodness fit such Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The widely used Student's t-test has three variants. one-sample to assess if sample mean (as an estimate population mean) differs significantly from given mean. means two...

Correlation and linear regression are the most commonly used techniques for quantifying association between two numeric variables. quantifies strength of relationship paired variables, expressing this as a correlation coefficient. If both variables x y normally distributed, we calculate Pearson's coefficient (r). normality assumption is not met one or in analysis, rank coefficient, such Spearman's rho (ρ) may be calculated. A hypothesis test tests whether holds underlying population, which...

Background and Purpose— Information on essential stroke parameters are lacking in India. This population-based study disorder was undertaken the city of Kolkata, India, to determine subtypes, prevalence, incidence, case fatality rates stroke. Methods— a longitudinal descriptive comprising 2-stage door-to-door survey stratified randomly selected sample population, conducted twice per year for 2 successive years from March 2003 February 2005. Results— Out screened population 52 377 (27 626...

To estimate the prevalence of two types mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-amnestic and multiple domain types-among nondemented nondepressed elderly subjects aged 50 older.The study was carried out in Kolkata, eastern metropolis India. A cross-sectional community screening out, 960 were selected by systematic random sampling for assessment function with help a validated questionnaire battery administered through house-to-house survey. case-control also undertaken to identify potential risk...

Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) has been the standard topical antimicrobial for burn wounds decades. Recently, nanometer-sized silver particles are available which have high surface to volume ratio and remain effective even at a very low concentration minimizes chance tissue toxicity due silver. Hence, we conducted randomized controlled trial compare effectiveness of SSD nano-crystalline (AgNP) hydrogel in management.

Categorical variables are commonly represented as counts or frequencies. For analysis, such data conveniently arranged in contingency tables. Conventionally, tables designated <i>r</i> × <i>c</i> tables, with denoting number of rows and columns. The Chi-square (<i>χ</i>² ) probability distribution is particularly useful analyzing categorical variables. A tests yield test statistics that fit, at least approximately, a <i>χ</i>² hence referred to tests. Examples include...

Low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g), which is often associated with preterm birth, a common problem in India. Both are recognized risk factors for neonatal mortality. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) non-conventional, low-cost method newborn based upon intimate skin-to-skin contact between and baby. Our objective was to assess physiological state of LBW babies before after KMC teaching hospital setting.Study cohort comprised in-born their mothers - 300 mother-baby pairs were selected through purposive...

This study aimed to determine the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of epilepsy in city Kolkata, India. is first such longitudinal a heterogeneous urban Indian population.A two-stage door-to-door survey stratified random sample was undertaken within municipal limits Kolkata. Trained field workers detected interviewed cases using simple screening questionnaire, detailed follow-up done by neurologists. The conducted annually for five consecutive years from March 2003 through February...

No well-designed longitudinal study on Parkinson disease (PD) has been conducted in India. Therefore, we planned to determine the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of PD city Kolkata, India, a stratified random sample through door-to-door survey.This was undertaken between 2003 2007 with validated questionnaire by team consisting 4 trained field workers 3 stages. Field screened cases, later confirmed specialist doctor. In third stage, movement disorders undertook home visits...

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to psychotropic agents are common and can lead noncompliance or even discontinuation of therapy. There is paucity such data in the Indian context. We deemed it worthwhile assess suspected ADR profile drugs an ambulatory setting a public teaching hospital Kolkata.A longitudinal observational study was conducted outpatient department (OPD) concerned psychiatry unit. Twenty consecutive patients per day, irrespective their psychiatric diagnosis, were screened for...

Abstract Aim Kangaroo mother care ( KMC ) is a nonconventional low‐cost method of newborn care. Our aim was to assess the effect sustained on growth and development low birthweight Indian babies up age 12 months. Methods We enrolled 500 baby pairs, in groups five, parallel group controlled clinical trial. The three infants with lowest each received , while other two conventional All were exclusively breastfed for 6 Babies intervention provided until infant 40 weeks corrected gestation or...

Determining the appropriate sample size for a study, whatever be its type, is fundamental aspect of biomedical research. An adequate ensures that study will yield reliable information, regardless whether data ultimately suggests clinically important difference between interventions or elements being studied. The probability Type 1 and 2 errors, expected variance in effect are essential determinants interventional studies. Any method deriving conclusion from experimental carries with it some...

Survival analysis is concerned with "time to event" data. Conventionally, it dealt cancer death as the event in question, but can handle any occurring over a time frame, and this need not be always adverse nature. When outcome of study an event, often possible wait until question has happened all subjects, for example, are dead. In addition, subjects may leave prematurely. Such situations lead what called censored observations complete information available these subjects. The data set thus...

There is limited evidence on the influence of social media among medical students. To assess pattern usage students in eastern part India and analyze self-perceived impact academic performance interpersonal relations. This cross-sectional study was based an online survey, taken by 650 at a tertiary center Kolkata. The survey created using tool, Google Forms. It assessed patterns students' perspective how it affects their Pearson's correlation coefficient used to quantify association between...

Clonidine has been used as adjuvant to local anesthetics in order extend the duration of analgesia various regional and central neuraxial blocks. It is previously reported that clonidine added bupivacaine increases brachial plexus block. We evaluated effect this combination supraclavicular block for upper limb orthopedic procedures.A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial was done with 70 patients American Society Anesthesiologists Grade I or II status undergoing procedures. Group...

Stroke causes significant caregiver (CG) stress, which is under-reported in India. This study assesses the financial, physical, psychological, and family burden on CG of stroke patients an urban community.Cross-sectional survey were selected from a community-based registry using validated scales through face-to-face interviews.Data available 199 survivors similar number CG. Increased workload, related anxiety depression, sleep disturbance reported by 70%, 76%, 43% CG, respectively, whereas...

Background and Objective:A proficient pathogen should be virulent, resistant to antibiotics, epidemic.However, the interplay between resistance virulence is poorly under stood.Perhaps, most commonly accepted view that quinolones linked a loss of factors.However, low virulent phylogenetic groups may more prone acquire quinolones.The aim this study was identify characterise Nalidixic Acid (NA) ciprofloxacin (CIP) uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates with respect background, from...

Background: Mangroves have the ability to grow where no other vascular plants survive. Rhizophora mucronata is a true mangrove and traditionally used treat diabetes its allied complications. Objectives: In present study, we standardized 80% methanolic extract of R. leaves (RH) found out antiradical antidiabetic activities. Materials Methods: The was quantified for phenolics, flavonoinds, gallic acid, quercetin, coumarin. reducing abilities activities RH were performed in vitro methods like,...