The gastrointestinal effects of intraluminal fats may be critically dependent on the chain length fatty acids released during lipolysis. We postulated that intraduodenal administration lauric acid (12 carbon atoms; C12) would suppress appetite, modulate antropyloroduodenal pressure waves (PWs), and stimulate release cholecystokinin (CCK) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) more than an identical dose decanoic (10 C10). Eight healthy males (19-47 yr old) were studied three occasions in a...

The inhibitory action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on gastric emptying (GE) is likely to be important in mediating its effects postprandial glycemia, appetite, and gastrointestinal symptoms.The objective the study was evaluate "low" "high" doses iv GLP-1 GE, intragastric meal distribution, insulinemia, appetite.Ten healthy males were studied 3 d. GE a solid (ground beef)/liquid (glucose) meal, blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, appetite...

There is evidence that the menstrual cycle affects appetite, such energy intake lower during follicular compared with luteal phase. Gastric emptying influences intake, glycemia, and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK) release. We hypothesized 1) gastric of a glucose drink slower, hormones, hunger, are less, phase; 2) reduction in latter parameters phase related to slower emptying; 3) these reproducible when assessed twice within particular cycle. Nine...

OBJECTIVE Nutrient “preloads” given before meals can attenuate postprandial glycemic excursions, at least partly by slowing gastric emptying and stimulating secretion of the incretins (i.e., glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]). This study was designed to evaluate whether a protein preload could improve efficacy dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor vildagliptin increase incretin concentrations, slow emptying, lower glycemia in type 2...

Previous observations suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released into the bloodstream only when dietary carbohydrate enters duodenum at rates exceed absorptive capacity of proximal small intestine to contact GLP-1 bearing mucosa in more distal bowel. The aims this study were determine effects modifying length exposed glucose on plasma concentrations and also glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK) ghrelin, antropyloric pressures. Glucose...

Changes in gut motor and hormonal function contribute to the eating-inhibitory glucose-lowering effects of protein. The effect amino acids, digestive products protein, on gastrointestinal function, eating, glycemia has not been investigated comprehensively.We tested hypothesis that L-tryptophan (L-Trp) stimulates functions, inhibits modulates glycemia. Design, Settings, Participants, Intervention: Ten healthy, normal-weight men were studied randomized, double-blind fashion, each receiving a...

Enterally administered lipid modulates antropyloroduodenal motility, gut hormone release, appetite, and energy intake. We hypothesized that these effects would be dependent on both the load, duration, of small intestinal exposure to lipid. Eleven healthy men were studied four occasions in a double-blind, randomized, fashion. Antropyloroduodenal plasma CCK peptide YY (PYY) concentrations, appetite perceptions measured during intraduodenal infusion (Intralipid) at 1) 1.33 kcal/min for 50 min,...

Gastric emptying, as well intragastric meal distribution, and gastrointestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK), play an important role in appetite regulation. The evaluation of factors regulating food intake is commonly performed healthy, lean, young male participants. It has, however, been suggested that there a marked interindividual variability the effects nutrient ‘preloads’ on energy this group. Whether significant intraindividual variation acute after preload, and, if so, how...

Both load and duration of small intestinal lipid infusion affect antropyloroduodenal motility CCK peptide YY (PYY) release at loads comparable to higher than the normal gastric emptying rate. We determined 1) effects intraduodenal well below mean rate on, 2) relationships between motility, CCK, PYY, appetite, energy intake. Sixteen healthy males were studied on four occasions in double-blind, randomized fashion. Antropyloroduodenal plasma appetite perceptions measured during 50-min IL...

In cell line and animal models, sweet bitter tastants induce secretion of signaling peptides (e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1 cholecystokinin) slow gastric emptying (GE). Whether human GE appetite responses are regulated by the sweetness or bitterness per se ingested food is, however, unknown. We aimed to determine whether intragastric infusion "equisweet" (Study A) "equibitter" B) solutions same extent, a glucose solution made sweeter addition saccharin will more potently than alone. Healthy...

Following a sudden drop in milk yield large dairy herd, leptospiral mastitis due to serotype hardjo was diagnosed serologically and by isolation of the organism from urine affected cows. Two milkers subsequently became ill developed titres Hebdomadis serogroup. During same period neighbouring herd experienced poor milking performance series abortions serological evidence suggested recent infection. The common source infection appeared be infected down calving heifers.

Observations relating to the impact of obesity on gastric emptying (GE) and secretion gut hormones are inconsistent, probably because a lack studies in which GE, gastrointestinal hormone release, energy intake (EI) have been evaluated concurrently with previous patterns nutrient intake. GE is known be major determinant postprandial glycemia incretin health type 2 diabetes. The aims this study were determine effects mixed-nutrient drink oro-cecal transit, blood glucose, insulin concentrations...

<h3>Objective</h3> Gut-derived humoural factors activate central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms controlling energy intake and expenditure, autonomic outflow. Ghrelin is secreted from the stomach stimulates food gastric emptying, but relevant are poorly understood. Nutrient-activated CNS systems can be studied in humans by physiological/pharmacological MRI (phMRI). This method has been used to examine responses exogenous ghrelin. <h3>Design</h3> phMRI was study healthy people a ghrelin bolus...

Fatty acids (FAs) stimulate the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which suppress energy intake. In obesity, responses to FAs are attenuated. Recent studies have identified a key role for FA-sensing receptors cluster differentiation (CD)36, G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)40, GPR120, GPR119 in mediating hormone secretion. This study aimed determine expression localization these duodenum humans examine relationships...

Intestinal production of endocannabinoid and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is impaired in high-fat diet/obese rodents, leading to reduced satiety. Such diets also alter the intestinal microbiome association with enhanced permeability inflammation; however, little known these effects humans. This study aimed 1) evaluate lipid on plasma anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonyl- sn-glycerol (2-AG), OEA humans; 2) examine relationships permeability, inflammation markers, incretin hormone secretion. Twenty...