The second messenger cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is essential in the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis and related pathogenic bacteria. It controls activity of conserved ydaO riboswitch several proteins involved potassium (K+) uptake. We found that YdaO protein was among different bacteria provide evidence functions as a K+ transporter. Thus, we renamed gene KimA (K+ importer A). Reporter assays indicated expression beyond c-di-AMP-responsive kimA upstream...

ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis grows in the absence of oxygen using nitrate ammonification and various fermentation processes. Lactate, acetate, 2,3-butanediol were identified growth medium as major anaerobic products by high-performance liquid chromatography. Lactate formation was found to be dependent on lctEP locus, encoding lactate dehydrogenase a putative permease. Mutation lctE results drastically reduced independent presence alternative electron acceptors, indicating importance NADH...

Accumulation of compatible solutes is a strategy widely employed by bacteria to achieve cellular protection against high osmolarity. These compounds are also used in some microorganisms as thermostress protectants. We found that Bacillus subtilis uses the solute glycine betaine an effective cold stress protectant. Glycine strongly stimulated growth at 15°C and permitted cell proliferation growth-inhibiting temperature 13°C. Initial uptake was low but led eventually buildup intracellular pool...

Bacillus subtilis is known to accumulate large amounts of the compatible solute proline via de novo synthesis as a stress protectant when it faces high-salinity environments. We elucidated genetic determinants required for osmoadaptive production from precursor glutamate. This biosynthesis route relies on proJ-encoded γ-glutamyl kinase, proA-encoded phosphate reductase, and proH-encoded Δ1-pyrroline-5-caboxylate reductase. Disruption proHJ operon abolished strongly impaired ability B. cope...

ABSTRACT The gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis often faces increases in the salinity its natural habitats. A transcriptional profiling approach was utilized to investigate both initial reaction a sudden increase elicited by addition of 0.4 M NaCl and cellular adaptation reactions prolonged growth at high (1.2 NaCl). Following salt shock, sigB mutant displayed immediate transient induction repression 75 51 genes, respectively. Continuous propagation this strain presence 1.2...

A variety of environmental and metabolic cues trigger the transient activation alternative transcription factor SigB Bacillus subtilis, which subsequently leads to induction more than 150 general stress genes. This regulon provides nongrowing nonsporulated cells with a multiple, nonspecific, preemptive resistance. By proteome approach we have detected expression during continuous growth at low temperature (15 degrees C). Using combination Western blot analysis SigB-dependent reporter gene...

Glycine betaine is an effective osmoprotectant for Bacillus subtilis. Its import into osmotically stressed cells led to the buildup of large pools, whose size was sensitively determined by degree osmotic stress imposed. The amassing glycine caused repression formation osmostress-adaptive pool proline, only that B. subtilis can synthesize de novo. ABC transporter OpuA main uptake system Expression opuA upregulated in response both sudden and sustained increases external osmolarity. Nonionic...

The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis encounters nutrient limitations and osmotic stress in its natural soil ecosystem. To ensure survival sustain growth, highly integrated adaptive responses are required. Here, we investigated the system-wide response of B. to different, simultaneously imposed stresses. address anticipated complexity cellular networks, combined chemostat experiments under conditions carbon limitation, salt osmoprotection with multi-omics analyses transcriptome,...

ABSTRACT The nitrate and nitrite reductases of Bacillus subtilis have two different physiological functions. Under conditions nitrogen limitation, these enzymes catalyze the reduction via to ammonia for anabolic incorporation into biomolecules. They also function catabolically in anaerobic respiration, which involves use as terminal electron acceptors. Two distinct reductases, encoded by narGHI nasBC , catabolic metabolism, respectively. However, reported herein, a single NADH-dependent,...

The Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, generally regarded as an aerobe, grows under strict anaerobic conditions using nitrate electron acceptor and should be designated a facultative anaerobe. Growth experiments demonstrated lag phase of 24 to 36 hours after the shift from aerobic, onset respiratory growth. Anaerobically adapted cells grew without further their transfer fresh growth medium. change morphology rods longer filament-like structures when moved aerobic conditions....

ABSTRACT The quantification of the intracellular concentration ectoine in Virgibacillus pantothenticus revealed that production this compatible solute is triggered either by an increase external salinity or a reduction growth temperature. This finding reflects increased transcription biosynthetic operon ( ectABC ) under both environmental conditions.

ABSTRACT Virgibacillus pantothenticus has been shown to synthesize the compatible solute ectoine in response high salinity or low growth temperature. We found that exogenously provided and hydroxyectoine also serve as protectants against these challenges. Transport studies with [ 14 C]ectoine revealed both types of stress induced a high-affinity uptake activity V. . By using an Escherichia coli mutant defective osmoprotectant systems, functional complementation approach for osmostress...

ABSTRACT l -Proline can be used by Bacillus subtilis as a sole source of carbon or nitrogen. We traced -proline utilization genetically to the putBCP ( ycgMNO ) locus. The gene cluster encodes high-affinity proline transporter (PutP) and two enzymes, dehydrogenase PutB Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate PutC, which jointly catabolize -glutamate. Northern blotting, primer extension, putB-treA reporter fusion analysis showed that locus is transcribed an -proline-inducible operon. Its expression was...

Bacillus subtilis synthesizes large amounts of the compatible solute proline as a cellular defense against high osmolarity to ensure physiologically appropriate level hydration cytoplasm and turgor. It also imports for this purpose via osmotically inducible OpuE transport system. Unexpectedly, an opuE mutant was at strong growth disadvantage in high-salinity minimal media lacking proline. Appreciable were detected culture supernatant strain, they rose concomitantly with increases external...

ABSTRACT The data presented here reveal a new facet of the physiological adjustment processes through which Bacillus subtilis can derive osmostress protection. We found that import proteogenic (Glu, Gln, Asp, Asn, and Arg) nonproteogenic (Orn Cit) amino acids their metabolic conversion into proline enhances growth under otherwise osmotically unfavorable conditions. Osmoprotection by depends on functioning ProJ-ProA-ProH enzymes, but different entry points this biosynthetic route are used to...

Summary Arsenic, a highly cytotoxic and cancerogenic metalloid, is brought into the biosphere through geochemical sources anthropogenic activities. A global biogeochemical arsenic biotransformation cycle exists in which inorganic species are transformed organoarsenicals, subsequently mineralized again compounds. Microorganisms contribute to this process greatly one of organoarsenicals synthesized degraded arsenobetaine. Its nitrogen‐containing homologue glycine betaine probably most...

Bacillus subtilis can attain cellular protection against the detrimental effects of high osmolarity through osmotically induced de novo synthesis and uptake compatible solute l-proline. We have now found that B. also exploit exogenously provided proline-containing peptides various lengths compositions as osmoprotectants. Osmoprotection by these types is generally dependent on their import via peptide transport systems (Dpp, Opp, App, DtpT) operating in relies hydrolysis to liberate proline....

Members of the genus Spiribacter are found worldwide and abundant in ecosystems possessing intermediate salinities between seawater saturated salt concentrations. salinus M19-40 is type species this its first cultivated representative. In habitats S. M19-40, high salinity a key determinant for growth we therefore focused on cellular adjustment strategy to persistent environmental challenge. We coupled these experimental studies silico mining genome sequence moderate halophile with respect...

ABSTRACT Proteome analysis of Bacillus subtilis cells grown at low and high salinity revealed the induction 16 protein spots repression 2 spots, respectively. Most these were identified by mass spectrometry. Four high-salinity-induced proteins corresponded to DhbA, DhbB, DhbC, DhbE, enzymes that are involved in synthesis 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (DHB) its modification esterification iron siderophore bacillibactin. These encoded dhbACEBF operon, which is negatively controlled central regulatory...

The oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III catalysed by an oxygen‐dependent oxidase (HemF) and oxygen‐independent dehydrogenase (HemN) is one the key regulatory points haem biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . To investigate regulation hemF hemN , corresponding genes were cloned from P. chromosome. Recognition sequences for Fnr‐type transcriptional regulator Anr detected −44.5 bp 5′ end mRNA transcript at optimal distance −41.5 with respect to start An approximately 10‐fold...

ABSTRACT Mechanosensitive channels are thought to function as safety valves for the release of cytoplasmic solutes from cells that have manage a rapid transition high- low-osmolarity environments. Subsequent an osmotic down-shock grown at high osmolarity, Bacillus subtilis rapidly releases previously accumulated compatible solute glycine betaine in accordance with degree downshift. Database searches suggest B. possesses one copy gene mechanosensitive channel large conductance ( mscL ) and...

Synthesis of the compatible solute glycine betaine confers a considerable degree osmotic stress tolerance to Bacillus subtilis. This osmoprotectant is produced through uptake precursor choline via osmotically inducible OpuB and OpuC ABC transporters subsequent two-step oxidation process by GbsB GbsA enzymes. We characterized regulatory protein, GbsR, controlling transcription both structural genes for biosynthetic enzymes (gbsAB) those choline-specific transporter (opuB) but not that...

The Gram-positive endospore-forming bacterium Bacillus licheniformis can be found widely in nature and it is exploited industrial processes for the manufacturing of antibiotics, specialty chemicals, enzymes. Both its varied natural habitats settings, B. cells will exposed to increases external osmolarity, conditions that trigger water efflux, impair turgor, cause cessation growth, negatively affect productivity cell factories biotechnological processes. We have taken here both systems-wide...

L-Proline is a widely used compatible solute and employed by Bacillus subtilis, through both synthesis uptake, as an osmostress protectant. Here, we assessed the stress-protective potential of plant-derived L-proline derivatives N-methyl-L-proline, betaine (stachydrine), trans-4-L-hydroxproline trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (betonicine) for cells challenged high salinity or extremes in growth temperature. l-Proline betonicine conferred salt stress protection, but trans-4-L-hydroxyproline...