The performance of gridded precipitation products is especially important over mountainous regions because the lack observations. This study provides a detailed evaluation spatial patterns presented by ERA-Interim, ERA5, ERA5-Land, and refined HAR datasets with resolutions from coarse to fine (0.7°, 0.25°, 0.1°, respectively) southern slope central Himalaya, Nepal. major findings are as follows: (1) high-resolution ERA5-Land ERA5 well present observed pattern but generally overestimated...

Himalayan glaciers, in general, are shrinking and glacial lakes evolving growing rapidly number size as a result of climate change. This study presents the latest remote sensing-based inventory (2017) (size ≥0.0036 km2) across Nepal Himalaya using optical satellite data. Furthermore, this traces decadal lake dynamics from 1977 to 2017 Himalaya. The mapping (both glacial-fed nonglacial-fed) reveals an increase area 2017, with 606 (55.53 ± 16.52 km2), 1137 (64.56 11.64 1228 (68.87 12.18 1489...

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission provides high-resolution precipitation estimates globally. However, their accuracy needs to be accessed for algorithm enhancement and hydro-meteorological applications. This study applies data from 388 gauges in Nepal evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns presented recently-developed GPM-Era satellite-based (SBP) products, i.e., Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals GPM (IMERG), satellite-only (IMERG-UC), gauge-calibrated IMERG (IMERG-C),...

Abstract This study aims to assess the accuracy of two satellite‐based precipitation products (SBPPs), that is, Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM)‐based Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and its upgraded version Integrated Multi‐Satellite Retrievals for Global (IMERG), in capturing spatial temporal variation their application extreme events (high‐intensity drought). They were evaluated against 142‐gauge stations from Nepal during 2001–2018. The results show that,...

Precipitation is the most important variable in climate system and dominant driver of land surface hydrologic conditions. Rain gauge measurement provides precipitation estimates on ground surface; however, these measurements are sparse, especially high-elevation areas Nepal. Reanalysis datasets potential alternative for measurement, although it must be evaluated validated before use. This study evaluates performance second-generation Modern-ERA Retrospective analysis Research Applications...

Abstract Nepal, a Himalayan country, is often chosen by global scientists to study climate change and its impact on the environment. The changes in temperature, precipitation, glaciers, glacial lakes over Nepal are comprehensively reviewed based published literature compared with regional studies. Furthermore, glacier datasets were used calculate analyze area, equilibrium line of altitude (ELA) ice reserves show response glaciers change. We find that warming trend (0.02 0.16 °C yr −1 ) being...

Abstract Drought influences agriculture, hydrology, ecology and socio‐economic systems globally. As agriculture is the primary source for livelihoods contributes to ~27% of Nepalʼs total gross domestic product, it essential understand impact drought on maize wheat crop yields minimize drought‐related risks. This study presents insights about agricultural across Nepal during 1987–2017 using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The temporal evolution SPEI time series has...

Nepal is a mountainous country located on the southern slope of central Himalayas, where ~3% total annual rainfall occurs in winter season. The inter-annual variability and shift precipitation are great importance space time, however, has not been investigated Nepal. This study sought to investigate (DJF), below- above-average anomalies over their controlling factors associated with ocean-atmospheric circulation patterns during historical period 1987–2015. Here, we used Asian...

Ongoing recession of glaciers in the Himalaya response to global climate change has far-reaching impacts on formation and expansion glacial lakes. The subsequent lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are a significant threat lives livelihoods as they can cause catastrophic damage up hundreds kilometres downstream. Previous studies have reported rapid lakes several notable destructive past GLOF events Mahalangur Himalaya, suggesting necessity timely updated susceptibility assessment. Here, an...

Transboundary glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) pose severe risks to downstream communities and infrastructure across international borders. However, previous GLOF research has largely overlooked the transboundary aspects of national sub-national level GLOFs, focusing instead mostly on inventorying lakes assessing their hazards. The lack cross-border coordination could have dire consequences for vulnerable potential disaster preparedness. Assessing risk perception vulnerability among...

Understanding the spatial and temporal variation of precipitation is important to identify its driving potential extreme events that impact on socio-economic conditions at national provincial scales. This study presents related in scale using 143 rain-gauge stations across Nepal during 2001–2016. The results show differences distribution, with highest Province 4 (Bagmati) lowest 6 (Karnali). decreasing trend scale, expect for 6. distribution shows wettest (Lumle) driest (Manang Mustang)...

Abstract Nepal is located on the southern slope of Central Himalayas and has experienced frequent droughts in past. In this study, we used an ensemble 13 biased corrected models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to assess future drought conditions over under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, SSP585) using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at annual timescale. The monthly correlation between observed CMIP6-simulated...

Land use and land cover change (LUCC) its spatio-temporal characteristics are essential for natural resource management sustainable development. LUCC is one of the major factors that affect ecosystem services it provides. In this study, we used remote sensing techniques a geographical information system to extract categories based on Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) technique from Landsat TM/ETM/OLI satellite images in transboundary Karnali River Basin (KRB, China Nepal) central Himalayas...

Holistic study of glacial lakes and lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the strategically important China-Nepal transportation corridors is imperative for regional connectivity disaster risk reduction. This focuses on four corridors, namely Chentang-Kimathanka, Zhangmu-Kodari, Keyrung-Kathmandu Taklakot-Hilsa from east to west Himalayan region. Within a remote integrated framework, we present latest high-resolution inventory lakes, assess their decadal spatio-temporal changes (1992-2022),...

Due to climate change, the future Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) risk is more likely in Himalayas. Despite several GLOF studies, little attention has been given combined surge that can result from a pair of upstream-downstream glacial lakes. We chose Upper and Lower Barun lakes as pilot study due region's increasing population hydropower investments possible outbursts upper-lower This mainly considered four scenarios (100 50% breach combination lakes), using two-dimensional dam break...

ABSTRACT The transboundary Sun-Koshi River basin, characterized by intricate topography and geo-climatic diversity, has encountered distinct periods of droughts significantly impacting downstream river discharge. This study focuses on assessing temporal spatial patterns meteorological drought using SPI SPEI indices, gauging their influence discharge through hydro-meteorological station data the HEC–HMS model. Severe episodes were notably observed in 2010 2015. In 2010, prominent occurrences...