Abstract This study aims to assess the accuracy of two satellite‐based precipitation products (SBPPs), that is, Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM)‐based Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and its upgraded version Integrated Multi‐Satellite Retrievals for Global (IMERG), in capturing spatial temporal variation their application extreme events (high‐intensity drought). They were evaluated against 142‐gauge stations from Nepal during 2001–2018. The results show that,...

Precipitation is the most important variable in climate system and dominant driver of land surface hydrologic conditions. Rain gauge measurement provides precipitation estimates on ground surface; however, these measurements are sparse, especially high-elevation areas Nepal. Reanalysis datasets potential alternative for measurement, although it must be evaluated validated before use. This study evaluates performance second-generation Modern-ERA Retrospective analysis Research Applications...

Abstract Drought influences agriculture, hydrology, ecology and socio‐economic systems globally. As agriculture is the primary source for livelihoods contributes to ~27% of Nepalʼs total gross domestic product, it essential understand impact drought on maize wheat crop yields minimize drought‐related risks. This study presents insights about agricultural across Nepal during 1987–2017 using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The temporal evolution SPEI time series has...

Nepal is a mountainous country located on the southern slope of central Himalayas, where ~3% total annual rainfall occurs in winter season. The inter-annual variability and shift precipitation are great importance space time, however, has not been investigated Nepal. This study sought to investigate (DJF), below- above-average anomalies over their controlling factors associated with ocean-atmospheric circulation patterns during historical period 1987–2015. Here, we used Asian...

Understanding the coherent variability of runoff in Source Region Indus River (SRIR) with regional environmental parameters (precipitation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration-PET, NDVI, NDSI), and global oceanic indices (El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal (PDO), North Atlantic (NAO), Arctic (AO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Summer Monsoon Index (ISMI) is paramount importance. This study has attempted to show relationship SRIR meteorological indices. The monotonic...

Understanding the spatial and temporal variation of precipitation is important to identify its driving potential extreme events that impact on socio-economic conditions at national provincial scales. This study presents related in scale using 143 rain-gauge stations across Nepal during 2001–2016. The results show differences distribution, with highest Province 4 (Bagmati) lowest 6 (Karnali). decreasing trend scale, expect for 6. distribution shows wettest (Lumle) driest (Manang Mustang)...

Abstract Nepal is located on the southern slope of Central Himalayas and has experienced frequent droughts in past. In this study, we used an ensemble 13 biased corrected models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to assess future drought conditions over under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, SSP585) using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at annual timescale. The monthly correlation between observed CMIP6-simulated...

Abstract Monsoon and its teleconnection with earth system internal processes affect the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation water resources . In this paper, wavelet coherence analysis has been utilized, a time frequency domain methodology for comparing spectral features two independent series superior to linear approaches. This technique is used capture significant modes variabilities in Indian Summer Index (ISMI) large‐scale climate indices (CIs) between ocean–atmosphere...

Extreme temperature changes from one day to the next, whether warming or cooling, have profound impacts on human health, ecosystems, and socio-economic, their potential future can result in even more significant challenges. In previous study, we quantified physical processes—advection, adiabatic, diabatic heating cooling—that drive extreme day-to-day (DTDT) present-day climate. However, role of these processes projected DTDT extremes under scenarios has remained...

Abstract Understanding drought characteristics is vital for sustainable societal and ecosystem functioning, especially in ongoing climate change. The study investigates the over Nepal Himalaya using standardized precipitation index (SPI) based on monthly data from 220 ground stations between 1980 2016 at seasonal annual timescales. results show that occurrences of are more frequent after 2000s, intensifying their severity duration. cumulative probabilities short‐term (SPI3) long‐term (SPI12)...

This paper illustrates the importance and applicability of satellite-based precipitation estimates to diagnose hydrometeorological hazards in quasi-real-time provides a baseline early disaster preparedness for decision-makers Nepal Himalaya. The authors declare no conflict interest.

The mountainous country with complex topography and climatic conditions over Nepal, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM-3B42), were evaluated for monitoring extreme precipitation events using 142-gauge observation from January 1998 to December 2018. Several indices based on daily timescale data selected evaluation. Detection skills, spatial distribution, trends in also investigated. TRMM product moderately capture (POD>70%) true (Probability of Detection) at most station. Although,...

Precipitation plays vital roles in the global water cycle, knowledge of spatial and temporal variation precipitation is essential to understanding extreme environmental phenomena such as floods, landslides, drought. In this paper, integrated characteristics during 1980–2016 over Nepal along with seasonal elevation dependency were examined for three different regions country using Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble (MSWEP) product. The distribution mean annual varies significantly highest...

The Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) profoundly affects human health, agriculture, eco-system, and socioeconomic systems. In this study, we analyzed past future changes in DTR using gridded Climate Research Unit (CRU) datasets for the years 1950–2020 an ensemble means of thirteen bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) scenarios rest 21st century over southern slope Central...

Snow is one of the main components cryosphere and plays a vital role in hydrology regulating climate. This study presents dynamics maximum snow cover area (SCA) line altitude (SLA) across Western, Central, Eastern Nepal using improved Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; 500 m) data from 2003 to 2018. The results showed heterogeneous behavior spatial temporal variations SCA different months, seasons, elevation zones three regions Nepal. Further, minimum was observed winter...

Abstract Nepal is highly vulnerable to climate change with increased fire occurrences and burned areas in recent years; therefore, we accessed the climatic drivers for its variability using product of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 2001 2020. The peak were observed spring season (~91%) March May, especially higher lowlands western central parts. At interannual timescale, low precipitation, humidity, soil moisture, high temperature supported existence fire....

Precipitation is a fundamental component of the water cycle and integral to society ecosystem. Further, continuous monitoring precipitation essential for predicting severe weather, droughts, high-intensity related extremes. The present study evaluated spatio-temporal distribution trends between 1998– 2018 using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) (3B43-V7) with reference 142-gauge observations over Nepal. TRMM moderately captured patterns' overall characteristics, although...

Climate change studies of the high mountain areas central Himalayan region are mostly represented by meteorological stations lower elevation. Therefore, to validate climatic linkages, daily observational climate data from five automated weather (AWS) at elevations ranging 2660 m 5600 on southern slope Mt. Everest were examined. Despite variations in means and distribution daily, 5-day, 10-day, monthly temperature precipitation between located a higher elevation their corresponding elevation,...

Abstract. Extreme temperature changes from one day to another, either associated with warming or cooling, can have a significant impact on health, environment, and society. Previous studies quantified that such day-to-day (DTDT) variations are typically more pronounced in the extratropics compared tropical zones. However, underlying physical processes relationship between extreme events large-scale atmospheric circulation remain poorly understood. Here, these investigated for different...

The retreat and shrinkage of glaciers due to climate change are the causes for formation expansion glacial lakes in Himalayas. This study presents rapidly expanding Nepal Himalayas between 1988 2018 based on published lake inventories produced from Landsat imageries (30 m). Glacier-fed end moraine-dammed whose surface area was?0.1 km2 with an rate more than 30% 1988-2018 were regarded as lakes. results show that 19 heterogeneously distributed different sub-basins Nepal. Among sub-basins,...