In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), R2R3 MYBs are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. We examined sequences these cultivated potatoes, which more complex than diploid due to ploidy and heterozygosity. found amino acid variants C-terminus MYB StAN1, termed R0, R1, R3, presence a repeated 10-amino motif. These variant showed some expression both white pigmented tubers. several new alleles or gene family members MYBs, StMYBA1 StMYB113, were also expressed From functional...

Previously, linalool was found to be the most abundant component among cocktail of volatiles released from flowers Freesia hybrida. Linalool formation is catalysed by monoterpene synthase TPS1. However, regulatory network developmentally modulating expression TPS1 gene in hybrida remains unexplored. In this study, three genes, FhMYB21L1, FhMYB21L2, and FhMYC2, were screened 52 candidates. Two MYB transcription factor genes synchronously expressed with FhTPS1 could activate its significantly...

Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the first committed step in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, cDNA (FhCHS1) encoding CHS from Freesia hybrida was successfully isolated and analyzed. Multiple sequence alignments showed that both conserved active site residues signature were found deduced amino acid of FhCHS1. Meanwhile, crystallographic analysis revealed protein structure FhCHS1 is highly similar to alfalfa CHS2, biochemical results indicated it has an enzymatic role naringenin...

High temperatures are known to reduce anthocyanin accumulation in a number of diverse plant species. In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), high temperature significantly reduces tuber pigment content. However, the mechanism biosynthesis under heat stress remains unknown. Here we show that causes reduction both skin and flesh, with white areas forming between vasculature periderm. Heat reduced expression R2R3 MYB transcription factors (TFs) StAN1 StbHLH1, members transcriptional complex...

The development of flower scents was a crucial event in biological evolution, providing olfactory signals by which plants can attract pollinators. In this study, bioinformatics, metabolomics, and biochemical molecular methodologies were integrated to investigate the candidate genes involved biosynthesis volatile components two cultivars Freesia x hybrida, Red River® Ambiance, release different categories compounds. We found that terpene synthase (TPS) pivotal determining spatiotemporal...

Floral anthocyanin has multiple ecological and economic values, its biosynthesis largely depends on the conserved MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) activation complex MYB repressors hierarchically with MBW complex. In contrast to eudicots, regulatory network model not been addressed in monocots because of lack a suitable system, as grass plants exhibit monotonous floral pigmentation patterns. Presently, was investigated non-grass monocot plant, Freesia hybrida. FhMYB27 FhMYBx different functional manners...

Human angiogenin is progressively up-regulated in the prostate epithelial cells during development of cancer from intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to invasive adenocarcinoma. Mouse most gene AKT-induced PIN prostate-restricted AKT transgenic mice. These results prompted us study role that plays cancer. Here, we report that, addition its well established mediating angiogenesis, also directly stimulates cell proliferation. Angiogenin undergoes nuclear translocation PC-3 human grown both vitro...

A photosensitizer, pyropheophorbid-a (PPa), is conjugated to SKBR-3 breast cancer cell-specific biological nanowire phage, form a novel PPa-phage complex, which further successfully used in selectively killing cells by the mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT). As service our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied authors. Such materials are peer reviewed may be re-organized for online delivery, but not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues...

The glycosylation of flavonoids increases their solubility and stability in plants. Flowers accumulate anthocyanidin flavonol glycosides which are synthesized by UDP-sugar flavonoid glycosyltransferases (UFGTs). In our previous study, a cDNA clone (Fh3GT1) encoding UFGT was isolated from Freesia hybrida, preliminarily proved to be invovled cyanidin 3-O-glucoside biosynthesis. Here, variety anthocyanin were detected flowers other tissues F. implying the versatile roles Fh3GT1 To further...

Floral flavonols play specific pivotal roles in pollinator attraction, pollen germination and fertility, addition to other functions vegetative organs. For many plants, the process of flavonol biosynthesis late flower development stages mature tissues is poorly understood, contrast early stages. It thought that this may be regulated independently subgroup 7 R2R3 MYB (SG7 MYB) transcription factors. In study, two FLS genes were shown expressed synchronously with development-specific...

Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) is a key enzyme in the reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins both anthocyanin biosynthesis and proanthocyanidin accumulation. In many plant species, it encoded by gene family, however, how different copies evolve either function tissues or at times specialize use but related substrates needs be further investigated, especially monocot plants. this study, total eight putative DFR-like genes were firstly cloned from Freesia hybrida. Phylogenetic...

Abstract Anthocyanin biosynthesis is mainly controlled by MYB–bHLH–WD40 (MBW) complexes that modulate the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (ABGs). The MYB regulators involved in arose early during plant evolution and thus might function divergently different evolutionary lineages. Although anthocyanin-promoting R2R3-MYB eudicots have been comprehensively explored, little consensus has reached about functional discrepancies versus conservation among from Here, we integrated...

The flavonoids are important and nourishing compounds for plants human. transcription regulation of anthocyanin proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis was extensively studied in dicot compared with monocot plants. In this study, we characterized the functionality an R2R3-MYB gene FhMYB5 from monocotyledonous flowering plant Iridaceae, Freesia hybrida. Multiple sequence alignment phylogenetic analysis implied that clustered into grapevine VvMYB5b subclade. Correlation indicated spatio-temporal...

Abstract Soybean has undergone extensive selection pressures for seed nutrient composition and color during domestication, but the major genetic loci controlling coat have not been completely understood, transcriptional regulation relationship among remains elusive. Here, two regulators, GmMYBA2 GmMYBR, were functionally characterized as an anthocyanin activator repressor, respectively. Ectopic expression of in soybean hairy roots conferred enhanced accumulation delphinidin cyanidin types...

Abstract Terpene synthases (TPSs) play pivotal roles in conferring the structural diversity of terpenoids, which are mainly emitted from flowers, whereas genetic basis release floral volatile terpenes remains largely elusive. Though quite similar sequence, TPS allelic variants still function divergently, and how they drive terpene closely related species unknown. Here, TPSs responsible for scent wild Freesia were characterized, functions their natural variants, as well causal amino acid...

Allopolyploidy has played a prominent role in organismal evolution, particularly angiosperms. Allohexaploidization is critical step leading to the formation of common wheat as new species, Triticum aestivum, well for bestowing its remarkable adaptability. A recent study documented that initial stages allohexaploidization was associated with rampant genetic and epigenetic instabilities at genomic regions flanking retrotransposon family named Veju. Although this finding line prevailing opinion...

Abstract The MBW complex, comprised by R2R3-MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40, is a single regulatory protein complex that drives the evolution of multiple traits such as flavonoid biosynthesis epidermal cell differentiation in plants. In this study, two IIIf Clade-bHLH regulator genes, FhGL3L FhTT8L , were isolated functionally characterized from Freesia hybrida . Different spatio-temporal transcription patterns observed showing diverse correlation with anthocyanin...

Abstract Sporothrix globosa is a type of fungus that typically infects immunocompromised patients. Its prevention continues to pose challenge. A 70-KDa glycoprotein (Gp70) has been previously reported protect host against infection from this fungus. Here, we displayed an epitope peptide (kpvqhalltplgldr) Gp70 on the major coat protein (pIII), and investigated its efficiency as vaccine for preventing S. infection. The recombinant phage heat-killed were used immunize mice separately. In study,...

In this study, we systematically investigated the fate and phytotoxicity of carbon nanodots (C-dots, about 3 nm) in<italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic>(<italic>Arabidopsis</italic>), as well underlying potential mechanisms, by integrating transcriptomic, physiological metabolomic techniques.

Flavonols and anthocyanins are two widely distributed groups of flavonoids that occurred apart during plant evolution biosynthesized by shared specific enzymes involved in flavonoid metabolism. UDP-glucose, 3-O-glycosyltransferase (UF3GT), is one the common which could catalyze glycosylation both flavonol anthocyanidin aglycons simultaneously vitro. However, whether how UF3GT paralogous genes function diversely at biochemical transcriptional levels largely unknown. Recently, Fh3GT1 was...

Abstract Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) is an ornamental plant with exceptional floral scent, previously used as experimental organism in the early development of Mendelian genetics. However, its terpene synthases (TPSs), which act metabolic gatekeepers biosynthesis volatile terpenoids, remain to be characterized. Auto-Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction/Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis constituents from seven sweet pea cultivars identified α-bergamotene, linalool,...

Abstract Clivia miniata is renowned for its evergreen and strap-like leaves, whereas floral color scent are lacking diversity. Here, anthocyanin, volatile terpene, carotenoid metabolisms were integrally investigated in C. flowers. The results showed that pelargonidins lutein might cooperate to confer orange or yellow flowers, but only a trace amount of (+)-limonene was detected. expression levels CmF3′H CmDFR appeared be responsible the ratio cyanidin pelargonidin derivatives miniata, low...