Chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls and serves as microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) for the detection various potential pathogens in innate immune systems both plants animals. We recently showed that chitin elicitor-binding protein (CEBiP), plasma membrane glycoprotein with LysM motifs, functions surface receptor elicitor rice. The predicted structure CEBiP does not contain any intracellular domains, suggesting an additional component(s) required signaling through into...

Abstract Suppression of seed germination at supraoptimal high temperature (thermoinhibiton) during summer is crucial for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to establish vegetative and reproductive growth in appropriate seasons. Abscisic acid (ABA) gibberellins (GAs) are well known be involved control, but it remains unknown how these hormone actions (metabolism responsiveness) altered temperature. Here, we show that ABA levels imbibed seeds elevated this increase correlated with...

Strigolactones are host factors that stimulate seed germination of parasitic plant species such as Striga and Orobanche. This hormone is also important in shoot branching architecture photomorphogenic development. Strigolactone biosynthetic signaling mutants model systems, unlike plants, only show phenotypes under limited growth condition. To understand the roles strigolactones germination, it necessary to develop a tractable experimental system using plants Arabidopsis. Here, we report...

Abstract Seeds monitor the environment to germinate at proper time, but different species respond differently environmental conditions, particularly light and temperature. In Arabidopsis thaliana, promotes germination high temperature suppresses germination. We previously reported that by repressing SOMNUS (SOM). Here, we examined whether also regulates through SOM found activates expression. Consistent with this, som mutants germinated more frequently than wild type The induction of mRNA...

SUMMARY Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that promotes leaf senescence in response to environmental stress. We previously identified methyl CpG‐binding domain 10 (MBD10) as phosphoprotein becomes differentially phosphorylated after ABA treatment Arabidopsis. ABA‐induced was delayed mbd10 knockout plants but accelerated MBD10 ‐overexpressing plants, suggesting positively regulates senescence. phosphorylation of occurs planta on Thr‐89, and our results demonstrated Thr‐89 essential for...

Using degenerate primers designed by deduced amino acid sequences of known aldehyde oxidases (AO) from maize and bovine, two independent cDNA fragments were amplified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The corresponding full-length cDNAs (atAO-1 atAO-2; 4,484 4,228 bp long, respectively) cloned screening the Arabidopsis library followed rapid amplification end-PCR. These are highly homologous at both nucleotide sequence levels, showed high similarity with those tomato...

Temperature is a primary environmental cue for seed germination of many weeds and vegetables. To investigate the mechanism regulation by temperature, we selected five high temperature (thermoinhibition)-resistant mutants (TRW lines) from 20,000 T-DNA insertion lines Arabidopsis. Segregation analyses indicated that each had single locus recessive mutations. The seeds TRW134-15 TRW187 showed reduced sensitivity to ABA also gibberrellin biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol. Genetic nucleotide...

Seed germination is a result of the competition embryonic growth potential and mechanical constraint by surrounding tissues such as endosperm. To understand processes occurring in endosperm during germination, we analyzed tiling array expression data on dissected embryo from 6 24 h-imbibed Arabidopsis seeds. The genes preferentially expressed both seeds were enriched for those related to cell wall biosynthesis/modifications, flavonol biosynthesis, defense responses cellular transport. Loss...

Pre-harvest sprouting, the germination of mature seeds on mother plant under moist condition, is a serious problem in cereals. To investigate effect reduced abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we cloned ABA 8'-hydroxyase gene which was highly expressed during seed development (TaABA8'OH1) and screened for mutations that lead to catabolism. In screen natural variation, one insertion mutation exon 5 TaABA8'OH1 D genome (TaABA8'OH1-D) identified Japanese...

Regulation and maintenance of cell wall physical properties are crucial for plant growth environmental response. In the germination process, hypocotyl expansion endosperm weakening prerequisites dicot seeds to complete germination. We have identified Arabidopsis mutant thermoinhibition-resistant 1 ( trg1 ), which has reduced seed dormancy insensitivity unfavourable conditions owing a loss-of-function mutation TRG1/XYL1 , encodes an α-xylosidase. Compared those wild type, elongating stem...

Changes in the levels of cytosolic and chloroplastic isoforms glutamine synthetase were examined senescing radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv Comet) cotyledons by immunoblotting analysis using antibodies raised separately against maize isoforms. Translatable mRNAs for these also analyzing translation products from poly(A)(+) RNA a wheat germ system with antibodies. The relative content isoform (GS(1)) increased twofold that placed dark 72 hours to accelerate senescence, while (GS(2)) declined...

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) grains induces hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase, which considerably decreases product quality. PHS occurs when cool and wet weather conditions before harvest break dormancy induce grain germination. In this study, we used PHS-tolerant varieties, Gifu-komugi (Gifu) OS38, to characterize the mechanisms both breakage maintenance at low temperatures. Physiologically mature Gifu exhibited after imbibition 20°C, but germinated 15°C....

The proportion of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3) among the total fatty acids in root tissue increases as growth temperature decreases. Endoplasmic reticulum omega-3 desaturase is responsible for production most 18:3 tissue. In this study, effect on expression TaFAD3 gene, which encodes endoplasmic wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chihoku), was analysed at mRNA and protein levels. tips grown 30 10 degrees C, proportions were 22% 55%, respectively. level microsomal preparations C approximately 7.5...

Three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutants that lacked dormancy at maturity were isolated from an ethylmethane sulphonate-treated population of a dormant red-grained line, Kitakei-1354 (Kitakei). The three (EH47-1, EH47-2-5 and EH47-2-6) selected in segregating generations derived one M2 plant. They differ morphological physiological characteristics, showing these contained several mutations besides non-dormancy. Despite differences, embryos all the rapidly lost sensitivity to abscisic acid...

The timing of seed germination is controlled by the combination internal dormancy and external factors. Temperature a major environmental factor for germination. permissive temperature range narrow in dormant seeds expands during after-ripening (AR) (dormancy release). Quantitative trait loci analyses preharvest sprouting cereals have revealed that MKK3, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade protein, negative regulator grain dormancy. Here, we show MAPKKK19/20-MKK3-MPK1/2/7/14 modulates

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Seed dormancy is an adaptive trait that enables plants to survive adverse conditions and restart growth in a season location suitable for vegetative reproductive growth. Control of seed also important crop production food quality because it can help induce uniform germination prevent preharvest sprouting. Rice sprouting quantitative locus analysis has identified 4 (Sdr4) as positive regulator development. Here, we analyzed the loss-of-function mutant Arabidopsis ortholog, Sdr4 Like1 (SFL1),...

Cotyledons detached from light-grown radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Comet) seedlings were used as a model system to study the changes in nuclear gene expression during dark-induced senescence of green leaves. Polyadenylated RNA was prepared cotyledons at different times and then translated wheat germ system. Approximately 1,000 polypeptides translation products separated each other by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. As judged density autoradiographic spots products, induction dark...

Abstract Seed dormancy corresponds to a reversible blockage of germination. Primary is established during seed maturation while secondary set up on the dispersed seed, following an exposure unfavourable factors. Both dormancies are relieved in response environmental factors, such as light, nitrate and coldness. QTL analyses for preharvest sprouting identified MKK3 kinase cereals player control. Here, we showed that also plays role Arabidopsis within signalling module composed...

The leaves of monocotyledonous plants create a developmental sequence cells and plastids from the base to apical portion. We investigated fatty‐acid lipid compositions in successive leaf sections light‐ dark‐grown wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chihoku) seedlings. most notable change fatty acid composition was increase linolenic (18:3) with maturation cells, which occurred both tissues. In light‐grown leaves, 18:3 mainly attributed monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGD) also level MGD. apex...

This study shows an overall analysis of gene expression during the cell cycle in synchronous suspension cultures Catharanthus roseus cells. First, cellular cytoplasmic proteins were fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and visualized staining with silver. Seventeen polypeptides showed qualitative or quantitative changes cycle. Second, rates synthesis also investigated autoradiography labeling cells [(35)S]methionine at each phase The 13 found to vary silverstained...

This paper describes an efficient evaluation system of Arabidopsis mutants for defense responses. Young A. thaliana seedlings were analyzed the induction reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well gene expression by chitin oligosaccharide elicitor in microtiter plates. Combined with analysis ROS plates, enabled to evaluate thousands mutant plants within a couple weeks. Pharmacological studies could be applied and provided information about molecular machinery involved Experiments dissected organs...