Oligodendrocytes are myelin-forming glia that ensheath the axons of neurons in CNS. Recent studies have revealed <i>Wnt</i>/β-catenin signaling plays important roles oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation. However, there conflicting reports on specific function <i>Wnt</i> components specification differentiation. In present study, we demonstrate activation β-catenin neural progenitor cells before gliogenesis inhibits generation progenitors (OLPs) mice. Once OLPs formed, becomes...

Abstract Soil ecological functions are largely determined by the activities of soil microorganisms, which, in turn, regulated relevant interactions between genes and their corresponding pathways. Therefore, genetic network can theoretically elucidate functional organization that supports complex microbial community functions, although this has not been previously attempted. We generated a correlation based on 5421 derived from metagenomes forest soils, identifying 7191 positive 123 negative...

Epidermal stratification of the mammalian skin requires proliferative basal progenitors to generate intermediate cells that separate from layer and are replaced by post-mitotic cells. Although Wnt signaling has been implicated in this developmental process, mechanism underlying Wnt-mediated regulation remains elusive. Here we show secreted is not required for their differentiation. However, epidermal production Wnts essential formation spinous through modulation a BMP-FGF cascade dermis. The...

Immunologically quiescent of breast cancer cells has been recognized as the key impediment for immunotherapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate role nanoparticle-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) in promoting anti-tumor immune and its potential mechanisms.The phase-transformation nanoparticles (LIP-PFH nanoparticles) were in-house prepared physiochemical characters detected. The CCK-8 assay, apoptosis analysis Balb/c tumor model establishment used explore effect LIP-PFH triggered by...

The brine shrimp Artemia reproduces either ovoviviparously, producing free-swimming nauplii, or oviparously, encysted embryos (diapause cysts) able to cope with harsh and complex habitats. When the cysts enter diapause they are encased in a external shell that protects them from certain extreme environments. genomic comparison of oviparous ovoviviparous ovisacs has been described previously. We isolated three significantly up-regulated genes oocytes identified as Arp-CBP (Artemia...

Artemia has attracted much attention for its ability to produce encysted embryos wrapped in a protective shell when subject extremely harsh environmental conditions. However, what the cyst is synthesized from and how formative process performed remains, as yet, largely unknown. Over 20 oviparous specifically expressed genes were identified through screening subtracted cDNA library enriched between ovoviviparous ovisacs. Among them, gland-specifically gene (SGEG) been found be involved...

The tongue is one of the major structures involved in human food intake and speech. Tongue malformations such as aglossia, microglossia, ankyloglossia are congenital birth defects, greatly affecting individuals' quality life. However, molecular basis tissue-tissue interactions that ensure tissue morphogenesis to form a functional remains largely unknown. Here we show ShhCre -mediated epithelial deletion Wntless (Wls), key regulator for intracellular Wnt trafficking, leads lingual hypoplasia...

Abstract Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are sequentially specified into neurons and glia during the development of central nervous system. WNT/β‐catenin signaling is known to regulate balance between proliferation differentiation NPCs neurogenesis. However, function gliogenesis remains poorly defined. Here, we report that activation disrupts astrogliogenesis in developing spinal cord. Conversely, inhibition leads precocious astrogliogenesis. Further analysis reveals pathway results a...

The specific roles of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a translation-dependent RNA quality control mechanism that degrades mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTCs), in mammalian craniofacial development have remained unclear. Here, we show knockout the essential NMD factor Smg5 mouse neural crest cells leads to hypoplastic mandibles, subsequently inducing tongue mispositioning and cleft palate formation. Furthermore, loss triggers massive cell apoptosis disrupts...

Fungiform papillae are formed as patterned rows on the surface of anterior tongue at early organogenesis and contain one taste bud in each papilla to form important sensory organs. Despite essential role Wnt/β-catenin signaling controlling development fungiform papillae, universal function Wnt ligands initiation placode has not been completely elucidated. Here, by Shh (Cre) -mediated oral epithelial deletion Wntless (Gpr177), a regulator for intracellular trafficking, we demonstrate that an...

Recent investigations suggest microRNAs (miRs) exert functions in fibroblast osteogenesis ankylosing spondylitis (AS), an inflammatory rheumatic disease. But the mechanism of miR-214-3p osteogenic differentiation AS is not clearly understood yet. In this study, fibroblasts were obtained from capsular ligament patients with and femoral neck fracture cultured for induction identified. The roles bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) assessed via gain- loss-of-function, alizarin red S staining,...

Thyroid hormone (TH) controls the timely differentiation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), and its deficiency can delay myelin development cause mental retardation. Previous studies showed that active TH T3 is converted from prohormone T4 by selenoprotein DIO2, whose mRNA primarily expressed in astrocytes CNS. In present study, we discovered SECISBP2L highly differentiating OLs required for DIO2 translation. Conditional knock-out (CKO) Secisbp2l OL lineage resulted a decreased level T3, accompanied...

Although NG2 is known to be selectively expressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for many years, its expressional regulation and functional involvement differentiation have remained elusive. Here, we report that the surface-bound proteoglycan can physically bind PDGF-AA enhances PDGF receptor alpha ( PDGFR α) activation of downstream signaling. During stage, protein cleaved by A disintegrin metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs type 4 Adamts4 ), which highly upregulated...

Although faster and powerful, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) often failed to amplify targets efficiently. Numerous PCR enhancers have been used increase the amplification efficiency of difficult DNA targets. However, there is no systematic comparison their effects in normal conditions. In this paper, we selected nine different that can promote efficiency. We compared effect Taq thermostability, inhibitor resistance, various more or less reduced fragments with moderate GC-content, they were...

The brine shrimp, Artemia, reproduces either oviparously, producing encysted embryos (diapause cysts), or ovoviviparously, free-swimming nauplii. Environmental factors, such as photoperiod, have been applied to control the reproduction mode of but when determination a reproductive occurs remains unknown. We analysed differential gene expression between oocytes from oviparous and ovoviviparous Artemia reared under different photoperiods. A total 692 qualified cDNA clones were obtained by...

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in maintaining the energy balance of organisms under physiological and environmental stresses. Here two AMPK alpha subunit gene transcripts (named Afr-AMPKalpha1 Afr-AMPKalpha2) from Artemia franciscana were isolated expression was characterized by semiquantitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). differentially expressed during developmental stages as well response to stresses, such heat-shock, starvation...

Background Artemia eggs tend to develop ovoviviparously yield nauplius larvae in good rearing conditions; while under adverse situations, they oviparously and encysted diapause embryos are formed instead. However, the intrinsic mechanisms regulating this process not well understood. Principal Finding This study has characterized function of cyclin K, a regulatory subunit positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) two different developmental pathways Artemia. In diapause-destined...

Trehalase, which specifically hydrolyses trehalose into glucose, plays an important role in the metabolism of trehalose. Large amounts are stored diapause encysted embryos (cysts) Artemia, not only vital to their extraordinary stress resistance, but also provide a source energy for development after is terminated. In present study, mechanism transcriptional regulation trehalase was described Artemia parthenogenetica. A trehalase-associated protein (ArTAP) identified Artemia-producing cysts....

Elucidation of signaling pathways that control oligodendrocyte (OL) development is a prerequisite for developing novel strategies myelin repair in neurological diseases. Despite the extensive work outlining importance Hedgehog (Hh) commitment and generation OL progenitor cells (OPCs), there are conflicting reports on role Hh regulating differentiation maturation. In present study, we systematically investigated OPC specification genetically modified mouse models Smoothened (Smo), an...

There is increasing evidence that cancers contain their own stem-like cells, and particular attention has been paid to one subset of cancer-stem cells termed side population (SP). Stem under normal physical conditions are tightly controlled by microenvironment, however, the regulatory role microenvironment surrounding cancer stem not well characterized yet. In this study we found phenotype SP can be "generated" macrophage-like conditioned culture. Furthermore gene regulation pathway involved...