Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult rodents is regulated by NMDA receptors, adrenal steroids, environmental stimuli, and seizures. To determine whether ischemia affects neurogenesis, newly divided cells were examined after transient global gerbils. 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate (BrdU) immunohistochemistry demonstrated a 12-fold increase cell birth subgranular zone 1–2 weeks 10 min bilateral common carotid artery occlusions. Two minutes did not significantly BrdU...

GLT-1, GLAST, and EAAC1 are high-affinity, Na + -dependent glutamate transporters identified in rat forebrain. The expression of these transporter subtypes was characterized three preparations: undifferentiated cortical astrocyte cultures, astrocytes cocultured with neurons, cultures differentiated dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP). monocultures expressed only the GLAST subtype. Astrocytes neurons developed a stellate morphology both GLT-1; transporter, rare microglia GLT-1. Treatment dBcAMP...

Marek disease virus (MDV) is a herpesvirus of chickens that induces T lymphomas within 3 weeks infection. The short latency and polyclonal nature MDV-induced tumors have suggested the may encode one or more direct-acting oncogenes. To date, however, no MDV-specific tumor antigens candidate transforming genes been demonstrated. In this paper, we report identification MDV gene encoding protein with homology to leucine-zipper class nuclear It also contains proline-rich domain characteristic...

Abstract Increased neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia suggests that functional recovery stroke may be attributed, in part, to neural regeneration. In this study, we investigated the role of behavioral performance gerbils global ischemia. We used ionizing radiation decrease regeneration, and 2 weeks later was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. One month occlusion, animals were behaviorally tested. Irradiation alone reduced but did not change vascular or dendritic...

Severe hypoglycemia causes neuronal death and cognitive impairment. Evidence suggests that hypoglycemic involves excitotoxicity DNA damage. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) normally functions in repair, but promotes cell when extensively activated by Cortical neuron cultures were subjected to glucose deprivation assess the role of PARP-1 death. -/- neurons wild-type, +/+ treated with PARP inhibitor 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone both showed increased...

Apoptosis is implicated in neonatal hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) brain injury among various forms of cell death. Here we investigate whether overexpression heat shock protein (Hsp) 70, an antiapoptotic protein, protects the from H/I and pathways involved protection. Postnatal day 7 (P7) transgenic mice overexpressing rat Hsp70 (Tg) their wild-type littermates (Wt) underwent unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by 30 mins exposure to 8% O(2). Significant neuroprotection was observed...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) provokes inflammatory responses, including a dramatic rise in macrophages the area of injury. The pathway(s) responsible for macrophage infiltration traumatically injured and effects on functional outcomes are not well understood. C-C-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is known directing monocytes to inflamed tissues. To assess role CCR2 TBI, we determined CCR2-deficient (Ccr2−/−) mice controlled cortical impact model. We quantified myeloid cell numbers post-TBI by flow...

In the adult brain, neurogenesis occurs in subgranular zone of dentate gyrus (DG), where high levels vesicular zinc are localized presynaptic terminals. To determine whether has a role modulating hippocampal under normal or pathologic conditions, we manipulated level experimentally. reduce zinc, rats were either fed zinc-deficient diet treated with chelator, clioquinol (CQ). The number progenitor cells and immature neurons was decreased significantly DG after 6 weeks dietary deprivation....

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces activation of microglia. Activated microglia can in turn increase secondary and impair recovery. This innate immune response requires hours to days become fully manifest, thus providing a clinically relevant window opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Microglial is regulated part by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Inhibition PARP-1 activity suppresses NF-kB-dependent gene transcription thereby blocks several aspects...

Hypoglycemia-induced brain injury is a significant obstacle to optimal blood glucose control in diabetic patients. Severe hypoglycemia triggers cascade of events vulnerable neurons that may culminate cell death even after normalization. A key event this the activation poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Activated PARP-1 consumes cytosolic NAD, and because NAD required for glycolysis, hypoglycemia-induced render cells unable use when availability restored. Pyruvate, however, can be...

Abstract Radiation therapy is a widely used treatment for brain tumors but it can cause delayed progressive cognitive decline and memory deficits. Previous studies suggested that this neurocognitive dysfunction might be linked to the impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis. However, little known regarding how reduce caused by radiation therapy. To investigate whether environmental enrichment (EE) promotes neurogenesis function after irradiation, irradiated gerbils were housed in EE 2 months...

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine induces hippocampal neurogenesis, stimulates maturation and synaptic plasticity of adult neurons, reduces motor/sensory memory impairments in several CNS disorders. In the setting traumatic brain injury (TBI), its effects on neuroplasticity function have yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here we examined efficacy after a moderate severe TBI, produced by controlled cortical impact. Three days TBI or sham surgery, mice were treated with...

Abstract Background Recurrent/moderate (R/M) hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes. Although mild or moderate not life-threatening, if recurrent, it may cause cognitive impairment. In the present study, we sought to determine whether R/M leads neuronal death, dendritic injury, Methods The experiments were conducted normal and diabetic rats. Rats subjected by insulin without anesthesia. Oxidative stress was evaluated 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal immunostaining death determined Fluoro-Jade B...

The causal relationship between neurogenesis and the recovery of poststroke cognitive function has not been properly explored. current study aimed to determine whether depleting neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) affects functional outcome in nestin-δ-HSV-TK-EGFP transgenic mice, which expression a truncated viral thymidine kinase gene EGFP was restricted nestin-expressing NPCs. Ganciclovir (GCV; 200 mg/kg/d) or saline continuously administered via osmotic pumps mice for 4 weeks before induction...

Collateral status is an independent predictor of stroke outcome. However, the spatiotemporal manner in which collateral flow maintains cerebral perfusion during ischemia poorly understood. Diabetes exacerbates ischemic brain damage, although impact diabetes on dynamics remains to be established. Using Doppler optical coherent tomography, a robust recruitment leptomeningeal was detected immediately after middle artery (MCA) occlusion C57BL/6 mice, and it continued grow over course 1 week. In...

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is an innate immune that promotes phagocytosis by cells such as microglia and macrophages. We previously showed TREM2 deficiency worsened outcomes from experimental stroke impeded phagocytosis. However, participating in pathology include both brain resident circulating now clarify whether or macrophages contribute to its beneficial role ischemic generating bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice. BM chimera mice knockout (KO) wild type (Wt)...