Abstract Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V reemerged in Asia (China) 2009 after a 57-year hiatus from the continent, thereby emphasizing need to increase regional surveillance efforts. Genotypic characterization was performed on 19 JEV-positive mosquito pools (18 of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and 1 pool Cx. bitaeniorhynchus ) total 64 positive collected geographically different locations throughout Republic Korea (ROK) during 2008 2010. Findings Two regions JEV genome were...

Dengue viruses (DEN), mosquito-borne members of the family Flaviviridae, are human pathogens global significance. The effects mycophenolic acid (MPA) and ribavirin (RBV) on DEN replication in monkey kidney (LLC-MK2) cells were examined. MPA (IC(50)=0.4+/-0.3 microM) RBV (IC(50)=50.9+/-18 inhibited DEN2 replication. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR viral RNA plaque assays virions from DEN2-infected (10 microM)- (> or =200 microM)-treated showed a fivefold increase defective production by treated...

Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to suppress dengue virus (DENV) RNA and protein accumulation in infected cells. In this report, the potential target of inhibitory effect NO was studied at molecular level. The donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), showed an on around 8-14 h post-infection, which corresponded step viral synthesis DENV life cycle. activity replicase isolated from SNAP-treated DENV-2-infected cells suppressed significantly compared with that negative-control...

In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to analyze bacterial communities from diverse populations (humans, animals, and vectors) investigate the role of these microorganisms as causative agents disease in human animal populations. Wild rodents ectoparasites were collected 2014 2018 Nan province, Thailand where scrub typhus is highly endemic. Samples undifferentiated febrile illness (UFI) patients obtained local hospital. A total 200 UFI samples 309 420 pools (n=285) domesticated...

Abstract Insecticide resistance is a serious threat to vector control programs worldwide. Therefore, it crucial monitor the development of in populations. Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826) cosmopolitan tick and medically important pathogens. We conducted comprehensive investigation permethrin larvae Rh. populations across Thailand by comparing phenotypic with genotypes, focusing on mutations Domain II III voltage-gated sodium channel gene. Results showed that obtained from engorged...

Bioisosteric deaza analogues of 6-methyl-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine, a hydrophobic analogue adenosine, were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. Whereas the 1-deaza 3-deaza essentially inactive in plaque assays infectivity, novel 7-deaza-6-methyl-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine analogue, structurally related to natural product tubercidin, potently inhibited replication poliovirus (PV) HeLa cells (IC50 = 11 nM) dengue virus (DENV) Vero 62 nM). Selectivity against PV over cytotoxic...

Our study highlights the surveillance of Bartonella species among rodents and their associated ectoparasites (ticks, fleas, lice, mites) in several regions across Thailand. A total 619 554 pooled (287 mite pools, 62 flea 35 louse 170 tick pools) were collected from 8 provinces within 4 Bandicota indica (279), Rattus rattus (163), R. exulans (96) most prevalent rats this study. Real-time PCR assay targeting Bartonella-specific ssrA gene was used for screening each positive sample confirmed by...

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis known to be endemic in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, even though clinical reports are uncommon. We investigated leptospira infection rats purchased food markets during rainy season (October) (n=150), as well those trapped dry (February–March) (n=125) region using RT-PCR for lipL32 gene, confirmed by 16S rRNA, microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Results were compared with serovar distribution human cases referred from Ho Chi Minh City hospitals (2004–2012) MAT...

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein functions in regulation of transcription, cellular activation and pro-inflammatory responses. However, the potential role HMGB1 during viral infection has not been investigated. This study attempted to elucidate whether HMGB1-mediated inflammatory response contributes pathogenesis dengue virus (DENV) infection. Our data showed that was released at low DENV levels (m.o.i. 1) under non-necrotic conditions by human dendritic cells (DCs). When...

A survey of Bartonella spp. from 275 rats purchased in food markets (n=150) and trapped different ecosystems (rice field, forest, animal farms) (n=125) was carried out during October, 2012–March, 2013, the Mekong Delta Vietnam. The overall prevalence detected by culture PCR blood 14.9% (10.7–19.1%), highest corresponding to Rattus tanezumi (49.2%), followed norvegicus (20.7%). Trapped were also investigated for presence type chiggers (larvae trombiculid mites), on chigger pools collected...

Abstract Nitric oxide is well accepted as one of the defenses for inhibiting viral dissemination. Macrophages and cells in macrophage lineage are professional nitric producers which sub‐serve target dengue virus. The interaction between virus such cell unknown. In this report, impact on infectious serotype 2 production RNA replication was investigated vitro. Primary isolates from patients were replicated mouse neuroblastoma presence an exogenous donor, s‐nitroso‐ N ‐acethylpennicillamine,...

In total, 22,846 (17,793 culicines and 5,053 Anopheles spp.) female mosquitoes were captured by a Mosquito Magnet trap at Daeseongdong, small village adjacent to the military demarcation line (center of demilitarized zone) in northern Gyeonggi Province, Republic Korea (ROK). Culicine identified species, placed pools up 30 each, screened for flavivirus using SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction. 51/660 positive flaviviruses confirmed DNA sequencing NS5 region, Japanese...

Trombiculid mites are the vectors of scrub typhus, with infected larval (chiggers) transmitting causative agent, Orientia tsutsugamushi, during feeding. Co-existence multiple O. tsutsugamushi strains within has previously been reported in naturally infected, laboratory-reared mite lines using molecular methods to characterize 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) gene. In current study, more advanced next-generation sequencing technology was used reveal heterogeneity genotypes field-collected...

Tick-borne diseases (TBD) are considered neglected in Thailand with disease burden likely underestimated. To assess risk for emerging TBD Thailand, the seasonality of questing tick and pathogen prevalence were studied Khao Yai National Park, a top tourist destination. During 2019, ticks around attractions systematically collected bimonthly analyzed Rickettsia Anaplasmataceae bacterial species by polymerase chain reaction DNA sequencing. Larvae nymphs peaked Park during late rainy-winter...

Characterization of the 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA) genes Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT) from three naturally infected, laboratory-reared mite colonies comprising species ( Leptotrombidium deliense [Ld], imphalum [Li], and chiangraiensis [Lc]) has revealed presence single coexisting OT genotypes found in individual chiggers. The Karp genotype was all chiggers examined, whereas Gilliam UT302 were only observed combination with genotype. From analysis these after transmission to mice it...

In total, 183,602 female culicine mosquitoes were captured by Mosquito Magnet, black light, and New Jersey light traps, manual aspiration of resting blood-fed mosquitoes, in the Republic Korea from 2008 to 2011. Culicine identified species, placed pools up 30 each, screened for flavivirus RNA using an SYBR green I-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Thirty-two 8,199 assayed positive quantitative polymerase Chaoyang virus (CHAOV), insect-specific [26 Aedes vexans...

In total, 1,300 each of Anopheles kleini Rueda and sinensis Wiedemann sensu stricto (s.s.) females (colonized from the Republic Korea) dirus Peyton & Harrison (Thai strain) were allowed to feed on blood Thai malaria patients naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax The overall oocyst infection rates for An. dirus, kleini, s.s. 77.4, 46.1, 45.9%, respectively. mean number oocysts was significantly higher (82.7) compared (6.1) (8.6), whereas similar. sporozoite dissected days 14-15, 21, 28...

A total of 150,805 culicine female mosquitoes were captured by Mosquito Magnet, black light, and New Jersey light traps, at resting collections in the Republic Korea from 2008 to 2010 as part U.S. Forces malaria Japanese surveillance programs. Mosquitoes identified placed pools up 30 each, species date collection, screened for flaviviruses using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. 98/6,845 (1.4%) positive encephalitis virus (JEV). 92/2,031 (4.5%) Culex tritaeniorhynchus...

Ticks are known vectors for a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. In this study, bacterial communities were investigated in active life stages three tick genera (Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor, Amblyomma) collected from Khao Yai National Park Thailand. Four hundred thirty-three questing ticks selected pathogen detection individually using real-time PCR assays, 58 these subjected to further metagenomics analysis. A total 62 found be infected with pathogenic...

Background: Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been used for a wide range of epidemiological and surveillance studies. Here, we amplicon-based NGS to species identify Rickettsia their arthropod hosts from entomological surveillance. Methods: During 2015–2016, screened 1825 samples rodents ectoparasites collected domestic mammals (dog, cat, cattle) across Thailand Rickettsia. The citrate synthase gene was amplified species, while the Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) II (COII)...

The livestock industry in Mongolia accounts for 24% of national revenue, with one third the population maintaining a pastoral lifestyle. This close connection between Mongolian and is major concern pathogen transfer, especially given increase vector-borne diseases globally. study examines blood samples from to assess prevalence tick-borne bacterial infections across three provinces (Dornogovi, Selenge, Töv). Whole 243 (cattle=38, camel=11, goat=85, horse=22, sheep=87) were analyzed 16S...

Abstract There are eight Anopheles spp. present in the Republic of Korea (ROK), including five members Hyrcanus Group that cannot be identified using current morphological methods. The vector competence only sinensis s.s., An. lesteri, and kleini have been investigated. As geographical distribution varies ROK, determining relative provides a basis for delineating malaria risks to Korean populations U.S. military/civilian deployed ROK. belenrae pullus, collected from high-risk area were...

The co-evolution of Orientia tsutsugamushi and its vector/host Leptotrombidium mites is important for this bacterium to survive exist in environment. data study demonstrated that O. has adapted take advantage the parasitic nature host's larval stage thus increase chance transmission a vertebrate host potentially other vector by increasing density at time transmission. Our during was highest level compared life stages (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.0001). We further revealed different 56-kDa...