The American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force on Respiratory Scoring reviewed the evidence that addresses: validity specific sensors in detecting airflow, tidal volume, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and CO2; reliability scoring approaches for quantifying sleep related breathing disorders (SRBD); using various definitions apnea hypopnea index (AHI) as assessed by strength consistency associations with several comorbidities (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, sleepiness, impaired quality...

There is increasing evidence of increased ventilatory instability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but previous investigations have not studied whether the hypocapnic apneic threshold altered this group.To compare threshold, CO2 reserve, and controller gain between subjects without OSA matched for age, sex, body mass index.Hypocapnia was induced via nasal mechanical ventilation 3 minutes. Cessation resulted central hypopnea or depending upon magnitude hypocapnia. The...

Rationale: Intermittent stimulation of the respiratory system with hypoxia causes persistent increases in motor output (i.e., long-term facilitation) animals spinal cord injury. This paradigm, therefore, has been touted as a potential rehabilitation strategy.Objectives: To determine whether acute (daily) exposure to intermittent can also evoke facilitation ventilation after chronic injury humans, and repeated daily enhances magnitude this response.Methods: Eight individuals incomplete (>1...

Rationale: Daily exposure to mild intermittent hypoxia (MIH) may elicit beneficial cardiovascular outcomes. Objectives: To determine the effect of 15 days MIH and in-home continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood in participants with obstructive sleep apnea hypertension. Methods: We administered during wakefulness 5 days/week for 3 weeks. The protocol consisted twelve 2-minute bouts interspersed 2 minutes normoxia. End-tidal carbon dioxide was maintained mm Hg above baseline...

Our primary purpose was to test the hypothesis that tongue protrudor (genioglossus, GG) and retractor (styloglossus, SG hyoglossus, HG) muscles are co‐activated when respiratory drive increases, co‐activation will cause retraction of tongue. This addressed by performing two series experiments using a supine, anaesthetized, tracheotomized rat in which muscle force neural could be measured during spontaneous breathing. In first experiments, increased progressively occluding tracheal cannula...

We hypothesized that long-term facilitation (LTF) of minute ventilation and peak genioglossus muscle activity manifests itself in awake healthy humans when carbon dioxide is sustained at elevated levels. Eleven subjects completed two trials. During trial 1, baseline levels were maintained during after exposure to eight 4-min episodes hypoxia. 2, was 5 mmHg above episodic Seven exposed the absence hypoxia, which served as a control experiment. Minute measured Peak 2. recovery period 1 similar...

The purpose of this study was to examine whether snoring adversely affects sleep architecture and efficiency, thus may account for the frequent complaints daytime tiredness fatigue expressed by heavy snorers. We recruited eight self-confessed snorers six nonsnorers. All subjects had full nocturnal polysomnography, including continuous monitoring snoring, which quantified counting number snores per hour (snoring index), minute time frequency), maximal mean sound intensity (dBmax dBmean,...

Following exposure to intermittent hypoxia, respiratory motor activity and sympathetic nervous system may persist above baseline levels for over an hour. The present investigation was designed determine whether sustained increases in minute ventilation sympathovagal (S/V) balance, addition depression of parasympathetic (PNSA), were greater men compared with women following hypoxia. Fifteen healthy matched age, race, body mass index exposed eight 4-min episodes hypoxia during hypercapnia...

Progressive augmentation (PA) and ventilatory long-term facilitation (vLTF) of respiratory motor output are forms plasticity that initiated during exposure to intermittent hypoxia. The present study was designed determine whether PA vLTF enhanced in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) participants compared matched healthy controls. also administration an antioxidant cocktail mitigates vLTF. Thirteen with 13 controls completed two trials. During both trials were exposed hypoxia which included...

This study examined whether time of day and repeated exposure to intermittent hypoxia have an impact on the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) long-term facilitation (vLTF). Thirteen participants with sleep apnea were exposed twelve 4-min episodes isocapnic followed by a 30-min recovery period each for 10 days. On days 1 (initial day) (final completed protocol in evening (PM); remaining was morning (AM). The HVR increased compared initial (AM 0.83 ± 0.08 vs. PM 0.64 0.11 l·min −1 ·%SaO 2 ; P...

Abstract The present study was designed to explore whether the depletion of serotonin (5‐HT) in central nervous system (CNS 5‐HT ) leads systolic and diastolic dysfunction this is exacerbated by sex, age spinal cord injury. Echocardiographic assessment function completed young old male female tryptophan hydroxylase 2 knockout (TPH2 −/− wild‐type +/+ mice with intact cords, as well C hemisected TPH2 mice. In addition, lumbar sympathetic activity recorded elderly Systolic evident mice,...

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) appears to be an independent risk factor for diurnal systemic hypertension, but the specific biologic markers this association have not been well established. Increased arterial stiffness is important measure of increased left ventricular load and a predictor cardiovascular morbidity may precede onset hypertension in humans. However, has measured with obstructive apneas patients OSA, nor related blood pressure (BP) activity setting. Our objective was test...

We hypothesized that the acute ventilatory response to hypoxia is enhanced after exposure episodic in awake humans. Eleven subjects completed a series of rebreathing trials before and eight 4-min episodes hypoxia. During trials, initially hyperventilated reduce partial pressure carbon dioxide (Pet(CO(2))) below 25 Torr. Subjects then breathed from bag containing normocapnic (42 Torr), low (50 or high oxygen (140 Torr) gas mixtures. Pet(CO(2)) increased while constant level was maintained....

We tested the hypothesis that abdominal muscles are active during expiratory phase of respiratory cycle exercise. Electromyographic (EMG) activities external oblique and rectus abdominis were recorded incremental exercise to exhaustion 30 min constant work rate at an intensity 85 % peak oxygen consumption (V(O(2))). High amplitude intramuscular EMG both could be evoked with postural manoeuvres in all subjects. During cycling, respiratory-related activity obliques was four seven subjects,...

Mateika, J. H., and R. F. Fregosi. Long-term facilitation of upper airway muscle activities in vagotomized vagally intact cats. Appl. Physiol.82(2): 419–425, 1997.—The primary purpose the present investigation was to determine whether long-term (LTF) occurs Tidal volume diaphragm, genioglossus, nasal dilator were recorded before, during, after one carotid sinus nerve stimulated five times with 2-min trains constant current. Sixty minutes stimulation, genioglossus significantly greater than...