HIV-1 remains a global challenge, especially in high-prevalence areas like South Africa. This study explores the relationship between inflammation and metabolism people with HIV, focusing on immune markers tryptophan–kynurenine (Trp–Kyn) pathway. We examined (hsCRP, suPAR, IL-6, NGAL, sCD163) Trp–Kyn metabolites (QUIN, Trp, Kyn, Trp/Kyn ratio, kynurenic acid) n = 69 treatment-naive African HIV. Using targeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics various...

Background HIV can invade the central nervous system (CNS) early during infection, invading perivascular macrophages and microglia, which, in turn, release viral particles immune mediators that dysregulate all brain cell types. Consequently, children living with often present neurodevelopmental delays. Methods In this study, we used proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) spectroscopy to analyze neurometabolic profile of infection using cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from 17 HIV+...

HIV-1 is responsible for a spectrum of neurocognitive deficits defined as HIV-associated disorders (HAND). The HIV transactivator transcription (Tat) protein plays key role in the neuropathophysiology HAND. Tat functions by transactivation viral genes through its interaction with response (TAR) RNA element. Subtype-specific signatures including C31S, R57S and Q63E present subtype C has previously been linked to lowered compared B. In this study, we attempted understand molecular mechanism...

Abstract Introduction Because cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples are difficult to obtain for paediatric HIV, few studies have attempted profile neurometabolic dysregulation. Aim and objective The aim of this exploratory study was the state CSF from a South African cohort using GCxGC-TOF/MS. included 54 cases (< 12 years), 42 HIV-negative controls HIV-positive individuals. Results results revealed distinct metabolic alterations in HIV-infected cohort. In PLS-DA model, 18 metabolites...

Abstract Background HIV-1 produces Tat, a crucial protein for transcription, viral replication, and CNS neurotoxicity. Tat interacts with TAR, enhancing HIV reverse transcription. Subtype C variants (C31S, R57S, Q63E) are associated reduced transactivation neurovirulence compared to subtype B. However, their precise impact on Tat-TAR binding is unclear. This study investigates how these substitutions affect interaction. Methods We utilized molecular modelling techniques, including MODELLER,...

Objective: Various HIV diagnostic systems are available however; the p24 antigen detection assay is preferred due to its ability decrease window period for detection. The has been associated with low sensitivity. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) display huge potential in development of more effective diagnostics tools. aim this study was design derivative AMPs from identified previously, using an silico approach, as templates, higher predicted binding affinity protein and implement best suited...

Isovaleric acidemia (IVA), due to isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) deficiency, results in the accumulation of isovaleryl-CoA, isovaleric acid and secondary metabolites. The increase these metabolites decreases mitochondrial energy production increases oxidative stress. This contributes neuropathological features IVA. A general assumption literature exists that glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) plays a role alleviating symptoms experienced by IVA patients through formation...

HIV-1 is known for its complex interaction with the dysregulated immune system and responsible development of neurocognitive deficits neurodevelopmental delays in pediatric HIV populations. Considering that HIV-1-induced dysregulation association impairments populations are not well understood, we conducted a scoping review on this topic. The study aimed to systematically blood cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers PubMed, Scopus, Web Science databases were searched using search protocol...

Abstract HIV infection compromises both the peripheral and central immune systems due to its pathogenic neuropathogenic features. The mechanisms driving HIV-1 pathogenesis neuropathogenesis involve a series of events, including metabolic dysregulation. Furthermore, HIV-subtype-specific variations, particularly alterations in amino acid sequences key viral proteins, are known influence severity clinical outcomes people living with HIV. However, impact sequence variations specific such as...

Subtype-specific amino acid variations in viral proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) influence disease progression. Furthermore, Vpr sequence variation correlates with chronic inflammation, a central mechanism HIV-1 (neuro)pathogenesis. Nevertheless, no clinical study has investigated the link between and peripheral inflammation people HIV (PWH). The aim this pilot was to ascertain whether specific variants were associated immune markers PWH.

Abstract Purpose Despite extensive research, HIV-1 remains a global epidemic with variations in pathogenesis across regions and subtypes. The Viral Infectivity Factor (Vif) protein, which neutralizes the host protein APOBEC3G, has been implicated differences clinical outcomes among people living HIV (PLHIV). Most studies on Vif sequence diversity have focused subtype B, leaving gaps understanding HIV-1C like South Africa. This study aimed to identify compare cohort of 51 African PLHIV other...