A compact quasi-optical setup based on conventional rectangular horn antennas and two symmetrical parabolic mirrors is designed to provide a plane wave the material under test. To measure scattering parameters at millimeter/submillimeter wavelengths, commercial vector network analyzer waveguide frequency extension units are used. The calibration of system performed with simple practical deembedding process determine S-parameters surface without using high-cost micrometer positioners....

The millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are seeing increasing prominence, with a range established emerging applications—wireless backhaul for mobile networks 5G 6G infrastructure, automotive radar sensors, space-deployed radiometers Earth observation, climate monitoring, weather forecasting, more—exploiting these frequencies. Measurement techniques informed by latest metrological research into measurement electrical quantities underpin...

A concept of backward-wave bianisotropic composite medium matched to free space is suggested. It based on the use a uniaxial structure embedded into matrix with negative effective permittivity. Since bianisotropy easier achieve in optical range than artificial magnetism, this prospective for metamaterials. As an example possible realizations, microwave $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ combined wire lattice analytically studied.

The authors report the transmission properties of omega shaped metallic inclusions on a dielectric medium that exhibits bianisotropic properties. resonance frequencies single resonators are investigated experimentally and numerically. frequency an Ω structure depends its orientation with respect to incident electric field. Increasing tail length resonator causes decrease in frequency. Band gaps due magnetoelectric resonances observed for various types periodic arrays. A band is when media...

An alternative approach for assessing the conformity of electromagnetic interference measuring receivers with respect to baseline CISPR 16-1-1 requirements is proposed. The method's core based on generation digitally synthesized complex waveforms comprising multisine excitation signals and modulated pulses. superposition multiple narrowband reference populating standard frequency bands allows a single-stage evaluation receiver's voltage accuracy selectivity. Moreover, characterizing response...

This paper presents an effective medium approach to calculate the attenuation and phase constants of modes in a 3D connected wire both below above plasma frequency. Physical nonphysical structure are identified for all important lattice directions. According this, behaves as isotropic material vicinity These results were compared with numerical simulation it was observed that wave spreads frequency along directions same constant. implies behavior frequency, thus this can be considered...

We describe a frequency selection algorithm for calibrating the impulse-response (vector response) and timebase characteristics of digital real-time oscilloscopes (DRTOs). The objective is to allow DRTO be calibrated as closely possible chosen grid while optimizing oversampling, fidelity, minimizing uncertainty contribution due instrument impairments. Measurement examples are given cases where measurement can selected by user this predetermined. use Allan variance in frequency-selection...

Abstract Material parameter extraction algorithms are studied and simplified both for transmission-reflection transmission-only methods. The relations, which closed-form in some cases, analyzed to establish the uncertainty sensitivity coefficients therefore, clarify main contributions reduce systematic random errors. Simple expressions presented this paper show of extracted permittivity each input such as S 21 (phase amplitude), frequency, material thickness. Results several slabs three...

Measuring the material parameters with a vector network analyzer (VNA) usually requires time-domain gating and complicated free-space calibrations. At terahertz frequencies, classic calibrations become more problematic uncertainty calculation for time is not clearly defined. The here investigated method skips these steps based on normalization to "Thru" connection analyzing error terms multiple-reflection phenomena (ripples). It shown that at specific ripples are very small. Based this,...

The standard CISPR 16-1-1 defines the measuring receiver using a black-box approach and sets requirements for its accuracy spectral properties. Traditionally, such test receivers were developed superheterodyne architecture. Recently, time-domain electromagnetic emission measurement systems have been built employing direct sampling instruments, mainly oscilloscopes, relying on specific signal processing to emulate performance of compliant instruments. In these cases, short-time Fourier...

A simple method is presented to extract the material characteristics from scattering parameters in frequency domain. The based on "transmission" measurement data only and can give complex permittivity and/or absorption refraction index via easy arithmetic operations with closed-form formulas. Therefore, a parametric error analysis will be feasible for metrological aspects show important uncertainty contributions. actual measurements have been performed compact quasi-optical free-space setup...

BER estimation from measured EVM values is shown experimentally for QPSK and 16QAM optical signals with 28 GBd. Various impairments, such as gain imbalance, quadrature error timing skew, are introduced into the transmitted signal in order to evaluate robustness of method. The was using two different real-time sampling systems measurement accuracy discussed.

Future communication systems employing massive multiple input output will not have the ability to use channel state information at mobile user terminals.Instead, it be necessary for such devices evaluate downlink signal interference and noise ratio (SINR) with both from base station serving other users within same cell stations adjacent cells.The SINR act as an indicator of how well precoders been applied station.The results presented in this paper a 32 x 3 MIMO sounder measurement campaign...

Laboratory system for a traceable measurement of error vector magnitude (EVM) is presented. It comprises sampling oscilloscope which directly to basic physical quantities and spectrum analyzer used routine measurements calibrations. The able measure EVM digitally modulated signals with low uncertainty.

A compact spectrometer setup based on conventional rectangular horn antennas and two symmetrical parabolic mirrors is designed to provide a plane wave the material-under-test. commercial Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) waveguide frequency extension units are used measure scattering parameters. simple practical calibration process determine S-parameters material surface without need of high-cost micrometer positioners. Several materials measured complex permittivity presented.

The representation of the calibration results are discussed for Digital Real-Time Oscilloscopes and an algorithm is described that selects frequencies to avoid instrument impairments. Measurement examples given.

This paper compares different hardware architectures of electromagnetic interference (EMI) receivers with respect to their calibration in a metrology laboratory. Basic tests for checking the receivers' compliance CISPR 16-1-1:2019 standard are described and practical aspects performance presented. It is shown that testing time-domain EMI popular many EMC areas (e.g., pre-compliance testing) conformity laboratory currently more time-consuming not properly supported by compared traditional...

The paper presents the characterization of a 300-GHz transmission system for modern digital communications. quality modulated signal at output (error vector magnitude, EVM) is measured using analyzer. A method real-time oscilloscope and consecutive mathematical processing in computer shown analysis signals with bandwidths exceeding that state-of-the-art analyzers. uncertainty EVM open to analysis. Behaviour studied respect various modulation schemes different symbol rates.

This paper describes the development of a calibration kit for measuring scattering parameters (S-parameters) balanced devices on printed circuit board (PCB) substrate as well estimated uncertainty up to 25 GHz. The is composed thru, reflect and set transmission lines calibrate Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) using Thru Reflect Line (TRL) technique. work has been carried out through electromagnetic simulations Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. uncertainties S-parameters each...

This paper investigates the influence of second and third harmonic components in signal on a measured RF power level when diode sensors are employed. The impact is first demonstrated through modeling detectors for worst case scenario. We proposed an approximate general formula calculating measurement errors due to higher components. A method sensitivity also described. Finally, we validated our model with experimental data several sensors.

In the paper a way towards traceable calibration of amplitude and phase response vector signal analyzer using digital real-time oscilloscope is outlined. Vector two different analyzers measured. The method compared with sampling oscilloscope. metrological traceability measured results discussed.

The paper presents results of error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements in a 300 GHz transmission system. EVM was determined using real-time oscilloscope and consecutive mathematical processing computer instead commercial signal analyser. uncertainty measured with the is open to analysis.