This paper examines how the profile of undernutrition among children in two African countries (Ethiopia and Nigeria) changed over period 2007/08 food, fuel financial crisis. Using Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF), an indicator which allows for a comprehensive assessment young children, we examine what changes occurred composition undernutrition, these were distributed amongst different socio-economic groups. is important as certain combinations anthropometric failure (AF),...

Social participation has been suggested as a means to prevent depressive symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether one-time boost suffices or needs be sustained over time for long-term prevention. We estimated the impacts of alternative hypothetical interventions in social on subsequent symptoms among older adults.Data were from nationwide prospective cohort study Japanese adults ≥65 years age (n = 32,748). analyzed (1) baseline exposure 2010 (approximating intervention) and (2)...

Parental education is located at the center of global efforts to improve child health. In a developing-country context, International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays crucial role in determining how governments allocate scarce resources and public health interventions. Under reforms mandated by IMF structural adjustment programs, it may become harder for parents reap benefits their due wage contraction, welfare retrenchment, generalized social insecurity. This study assesses protective effect...

The paper explores the degree to which exposure natural disasters and poor governance (quality of governance) is associated with absolute child poverty in sixty-seven middle- low-income countries. data representative for about 2.8 billion world´s population. Institutionalist tend argue that many society's ills, including poverty, derive from fragile or inefficient institutions. However, our findings show although increasing quality government tends be less negative effects on are independent...

Social science theories often postulate systems of causal relationships among variables, which are commonly represented using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). As non-parametric models, DAGs require no assumptions about the functional form hypothesized relationships. Nevertheless, to simplify empirical evaluation, researchers typically invoke such anyway, even though they arbitrary and do not reflect any theoretical content or prior knowledge. Moreover, can engender bias, whenever fail...

De 28-dagengrens: een ethisch commentaar bij het advies van de Gezondheidsraad Embryowet bevat 14-dagengrens voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek met (humane) embryo’s. bepleitte onlangs 28-dagengrens. Deze Forumbijdrage schetst achtergrond en inhoud dit advies, gevolgd door com­mentaar conclusies aanbevelingen.

<title>Abstract</title> Ensuring accountability in emissions reductions is critical as many nations struggle to meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. Traditional greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring approaches are hindered by long atmospheric lifetimes of key gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). In contrast, nitrogen (NO2) a short-lived pollutant with high spatial temporal variability, making it an effective proxy for tracking anthropogenic...

Social scientists distinguish between predictive and causal research.While this distinction clarifies the aims of two research traditions, clarity is blurred by introduction machine learning (ML) algorithms.Although ML excels in prediction, scholars are increasingly using not only for prediction but also causation.While causation appears as a category mistake, article shows that there third kind problem which inference form an intricate synergy.This synergy arises from specific type...

A bstract The problem of scarcity is often talked about, but it rarely clearly defined. In this article, two different views are outlined: absolute and relative scarcity. These respectively exemplified by Malthus's Robbins's However, both these tend to naturalize universalize scarcity, thus overlook abundance sufficiency, which important states in the social provisioning process. It argued that due ignorance sociocultural causal underpinnings abundance, sufficiency (SAS). introduction...

We examine the validity of guns-versus-butter hypothesis in pre-Arab Spring era. Using panel data from 1995 to 2011 – eve Arab uprisings we find no evidence that increased security needs as measured by number domestic terrorist attacks are complemented military spending or more importantly 'crowd out' government expenditure on key public goods such health care. This suggests both decisions were determined other considerations at level.

Cognitive disability following traumatic experiences of disaster has been documented; however, little is known about heterogeneity in the association across individuals. In this natural experiment study approximately 3000 Japanese older adults an area directly affected by 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, baseline survey was established 7 months before earthquake. To inductively identify postdisaster cognitive predisaster characteristics, we applied a machine learning–based causal inference...

Background: Little research has examined associations between disaster-related home loss and multiple domains of health well-being, with extended long-term follow-up comprehensive adjustment for pre-disaster characteristics survivors. Objectives: We the longitudinal disaster-induced 34 indicators assessed ∼9y post-disaster. Methods: used data from a preexisting cohort study Japanese older adults in an area directly impacted by 2011 Japan Earthquake (n=3,350 n=2,028, depending on outcomes)....

Consensus is growing that policy reform programmes by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)-an international organization mandated with upholding global financial stability and assisting countries in economic turmoil-produce adverse effects on public health. However, this consensus unclear about which policies of these underlie effects. This article fills parts gap examining impact four kinds IMF (fiscal policy, public-sector employment, privatization state-owned enterprises price...

There is recognition that social protection policies such as raising the minimum wage can favourably impact health, but little evidence links increases to child health outcomes. We used multi-year data (2003-2012) on national wages linked individual-level from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) 23 low- middle-income countries (LMICs) had least two DHS surveys establish pre- post-observation periods. Over a post-interval ranging 4 8 years, we examined growth four nutritional status outcomes...

Food entitlement decline (FED) and food availability (FAD) are two approaches to explaining famines that have different policy implications. One focuses on the systemic level, whereas other is concerned with individual level. They therefore analyse relatively distinct causal mechanisms. Thus, an important question whether these can be reconciled. Another related how FAD- FED-based explanations relate classical Malthusian views about rapid requirement increase (FRI). This paper analyses...

Abstract Using deep learning with satellite images enhances our understanding of human development at a granular spatial and temporal level. Most studies have focused on Africa narrow set asset-based indicators. This article leverages georeferenced village-level census data from across 40% the population India to train models that predicts 16 indicators well-being Landsat 7 imagery. Based principles transfer learning, census-based model is used as feature extractor another an even larger...

Abstract This paper studies how voluntary material simplicity may countervail the causal effect of relative scarcity generated by environment a consumer society. Analyses both interviews and texts were performed. It is shown that simplifiers manage, though with difficulty, to neutralize achieved mediating cultural properties economic ethic simplicity, which promotes deflation human wants. These consequently difficulty due interference, deflate their wants maintain them below means....

Mundle, Chakraborty, Chowdhury and Sikdar (2012) developed the first quality of governance (QoG) measures to assess performance India’s states. The present article builds on Mundle et al.’s framework by analyzing relationship between their QoG absolute child poverty in India. empirical analysis also includes corruption indicators from Transparency International test relative importance for combating poverty. I combine macro (states) micro data (children) with multilevel statistical models...

Nigeria is one of the fastest growing African economies, yet struggles with armed conflict, poverty, and morbidity. An area high concern how this situation affects vulnerable families their children. A key pathway in improving for children times conflict to reinforce maternal agency, instance, through education. However, state art research lacks a clear understanding many years education needed before benefit. Due mother's differing social context ability, effect varies. We study...