The principal objective of the present study was to identify specific alterations in mitochondrial respiratory functions during aging process. Respiration rates and activities electron transport chain complexes were measured at various ages mitochondria isolated from thoraces fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which consist primarily flight muscles. state 3 respiration (ADP-stimulated), RCRs (respiratory control ratios) uncoupled decreased significantly as a function age, using either NAD+-...

Abstract ZEP1, a transverse filament (TF) protein, is the rice (Oryza sativa) homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana ZYP1. In Tos17-insertional zep1 mutants, homologous chromosomes align along entire length chromosome, but synaptonemal complex not assembled in early prophase I. Crossovers are well formed, and 12 bivalents could be detected from diakinesis to metaphase I, which leads equal chromosomal segregation anaphase Moreover, number crossovers has tendency increased compared with that wild...

HEI10 was first described in human as a RING domain-containing protein that regulates cell cycle and invasion. Mice HEI10mei4 mutant displays no obvious defect other than meiotic failure from an absence of chiasmata. In this study, we characterize rice by map-based cloning explore its function during recombination. the hei10 mutant, chiasma frequency is markedly reduced, those remaining chiasmata exhibit random distribution among cells, suggesting possible involvement formation...

Abstract In grasses, phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs), 21- or 24-nucleotide (nt) in length, are predominantly expressed anthers and play a role regulating male fertility. However, their targets mode of action on the remain unknown. Here we profile phasiRNA expression premeiotic meiotic spikelets as well purified meiocytes at early prophase I, tetrads microspores rice. We show that 21-nt phasiRNAs most abundant I while 24-nt more microspores. By performing highly sensitive degradome...

Rubriflordilactone B is a Schisandra bisnortriterpenoid with unique 5/5/7/6/5/5-hexacyclic framework that includes characteristic tetrasubstituted aromatic ring. Herein, we report convergent, enantioselective total synthesis of this natural product by bioinspired skeletal reorganization approach. Key transformations include chelation-controlled [2,3]-Wittig-Still rearrangement to assemble the western cyclohexenyl fragment complete diastereocontrol, Cu(II)-catalyzed tandem acyloin...

In budding yeast, the ZMM complex is closely associated with class I crossovers and synaptonemal (SC) formation. However, relationship among genes remains unclear in most higher eukaryotes. Here, we identify rice ZIP4 homolog, a member of gene, explore its two other characterized genes, MER3 ZEP1. Our results show that zip4 mutant chiasma frequency greatly reduced, although synapsis proceeds only mild defects. Immunocytological analyses wild type reveal presents as punctuate foci...

Meiotic homologous recombination is pivotal to sexual reproduction. DMC1, a conserved recombinase, involved in directing single-end invasion between interhomologs during meiotic recombination. In this study, we identified OsDMC1A and OsDMC1B, two closely related proteins rice (Oryza sativa) with high sequence similarity DMC1 from other species. Analysis of Osdmc1a Osdmc1b Tos17 insertion mutants indicated that these genes are functionally redundant. Immunolocalization analysis revealed...

Abstract Background Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is a molecular biomarker for administrating PARP inhibitor (PARPi) or platinum-based (Pt) chemotherapy. The most well-studied mechanism of causing HRD pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations, while phenotype also present in patients without alterations, suggesting other unknown factors. Methods targeted next-generation sequencing (GeneseeqPrime® HRD) was used to evaluate the scores 199 (Cohort I). In Cohort II, total 85...

Abstract Nitrogen (N), one of the most important plant nutrients, plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes. Spikelets are primary sink tissues during reproductive growth, and N deficiency can cause floral abortion. However, nutrition meiosis, step sexual reproduction, poorly understood. Here, we identified an N-dependent meiotic entrance mutant with loss function ELECTRON TRANSFER FLAVOPROTEIN SUBUNIT β ( ETFβ ) rice Oryza sativa ). etfβ displayed meiosis initiation defects,...

During meiosis, the paired homologous chromosomes are tightly held together by synaptonemal complex (SC). This consists of two parallel axial/lateral elements (AEs/LEs) and one central element. Here, we observed that PAIR3 localized to chromosome core during prophase I associated with both unsynapsed AEs synapsed LEs. Analyses severe pair3 mutant demonstrated was essential for bouquet formation, pairing normal recombination, SC assembly. In addition, showed although not required initial...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate gene expression in different tissues and at diverse developmental stages, including grain development japonica rice. To identify novel miRNAs indica rice to study their patterns during the entire filling process, small RNAs from all stages of were sequenced studied using customized miRNA chips.A total 21 conserved 91 non-conserved families found developing grains. We also discovered 11 potential based on presence miRNA*s. Expression these identified analyzed...

Telomere bouquet formation, a highly conserved meiotic event, plays an important role in homologous pairing and therefore progression of meiosis; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we identified ZYGOTENE1 (ZYGO1), novel F-box protein rice (Oryza sativa), verified its essential formation during early meiosis. In zygo1 mutants, zygotene chromosome aggregation telomere clustering failed to occur. The suppressed aberration meiosis1 (pair1) completion...

Significance The programmed double-strand break (DSB) formation is a prerequisite for homologous recombination. synaptonemal complex (SC), known as the meiotic-specific proteinaceous structure, provides an appropriate framework Both are indispensable in meiosis. p31 comet has been proved to play essential role metaphase-to-anaphase transition during mitosis by indirectly activating anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome status, but underlying function meiosis remains elusive. Here, we...

Summary Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient element that essential for plant growth and development. Many genes have been reported to contribute nitrogen absorption transportation. However, involved in reutilization are seldom reported. Ornithine δ‐aminotransferase (δ OAT ) enzyme connecting arginine cycling proline cycling. Here, we found Os , homologue δ rice, through mediating arginase activity. In Osoat mutant, metabolic abnormality induced by deficiency floret causes...

Apomixis is an asexual reproduction way of plants that can produce clonal offspring through seeds. In this study, we introduced apomixis into rice (Oryza sativa) by mutating OsSPO11-1, OsREC8, OsOSD1, and OsMATL a CRISPR/Cas9 system. The quadruple mutant showed transformation from meiosis to mitosis produced diploid gametes. With mutated Osmatl, which gives rise haploid induction in plants, the expected be able apomictic offspring. We named as AOP (Apomictic Offspring Producer) for its ability

Summary In angiosperms, the key step in sexual reproduction is successful acquisition of meiotic fate. However, molecular mechanism determining fate remains largely unknown. Here, we report that OsSPOROCYTELESS (OsSPL) critical for entry rice ( Oryza sativa ). We performed a large‐scale genetic screen sterile mutants aimed to identify genes regulating and identified Os SPL using map‐based cloning. showed meiosis‐specific callose deposition, chromatin organization, centromere‐specific histone...

Shugoshin is a conserved protein in eukaryotes that protects the centromeric cohesin of sister chromatids from cleavage by separase during meiosis. In this study, we identify rice (Oryza sativa, 2n=2x=24) homolog ZmSGO1 maize (Zea mays), named OsSGO1. During both mitosis and meiosis, OsSGO1 recruited nucleoli onto centromeres at onset prophase. Tos17-insertional Ossgo1-1 mutant, separate precociously each other metaphase I, which causes unequal chromosome segregation meiosis II. Moreover,...

Abstract Bub1 (for budding uninhibited by benzimidazole 1), one of the main spindle checkpoint kinases, acts as a kinetochore scaffold for assembling other proteins. Here, we identify plant Bub1-related kinase 1 (BRK1) in rice (Oryza sativa). The brk1 mutants are sterile due to precocious separation sister chromatids at onset anaphase I. centromeric recruitment SHUGOSHIN1 and phosphorylation histone H2A Thr-134 (H2A-pT134) depend on BRK1. Although homologs can faithfully separate from each...

Summary The formation of diverse, appropriately patterned cell types is critical in the development all complex multicellular organisms. In flowering plants, anther patterning a process essential for successful sexual reproduction. However, few genes regulating this have been characterized to date. We report here that gene MICROSPORELESS 2 ( MIL ) regulates early differentiation rice Oryza sativa ). anthers mil2 mutants were using molecular markers and cytological examination. was cloned its...

Persistent activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) has been associated with the development asthma. Galangin, active pharmacological ingredient from Alpinia galanga, is reported to have a variety anti-inflammatory properties in vitro via negative regulation NF-κB. This study aimed investigate whether galangin can abrogate ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced airway inflammation by BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged OVA developed hyperresponsiveness (AHR) inflammation. Galangin dose dependently...