This article describes the association between drug and alcohol use during sexual activity high-risk sex for AIDS. Data to test this are drawn from a pros pective study of behavioral changes made by gay men in San Francisco response AIDS epidemic. Findings May, 1984 May 1985 waves data collection described. The cross-sectional analysis showed that particular drugs sex, number used such activity, frequency combining all positively associated with risky retrospective who currently abstained...

The immune response of naive CD4 T cells to influenza virus is initiated in the draining lymph nodes and spleen, only after effectors are generated do antigen-specific migrate lung which site infection. effector secondary organs appear as multiple subsets a heterogeneous continuum terms number cell divisions, phenotype function. that constitute more differentiated total responding population, characterized by many loss CD62L, down-regulation CCR7, stable expression CD44 CD49d, transient CCR5...

A national probability survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk factors among the general heterosexual population, National AIDS (acquired syndrome) Behavioral Surveys, has obtained data from 10,630 respondents. Data are presented on prevalence HIV-related risks in distribution three largest groups across social strata, and condom use heterosexuals reporting a factor. Between 15 31 percent nationally 20 41 cities with high reported an HIV Condom was relatively low. Only 17...

The prevalence and incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been under study in a cohort 1,034 single men recruited area probability sampling from six kilometer square San Francisco where epidemic acquired syndrome (AIDS) most severe. Prevalence among homosexual/bisexual subjects increased an estimated 22.8 per cent during last half 1982 to 48.6 period July through December 1984. During three subsequent six-month periods, remained stable at approximately 50 cent....

OBJECTIVES. Recent studies suggest very high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rates in some populations of younger homosexual men, but these may represent only particularly high-risk populations. The current study obtained population-based data on the HIV epidemic young homosexual/bisexual men. METHODS. A household survey unmarried men 18 through 29 years age involved a multistage probability sample addresses San Francisco. follow-up interview and test for who were negative at...

The incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been monitored since 1984 in an area probability sample homosexual/bisexual men drawn from a six-kilometer square San Francisco where epidemic acquired syndrome (AIDS) most severe. Annualized HIV seroconversion rates previously uninfected cohort members have declined 88 per cent 5.9 during first six months 1985 to 0.7 last 1987. Concurrent declines approximately 80 prevalence sexual behaviors associated with...

Abstract Because little is known about lymphocyte responses in the nasal mucosa, accumulation nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and cervical lymph nodes (CLN) were determined after primary heterosubtypic intranasal influenza challenge of mice. T cell peaked mucosa on day 7, but slightly earlier CLN (day 5) later 10) NALT. Tetrameric staining mucosal cells revealed a peak CD8 specific for either H-2Db nucleoprotein epitope 366–374 (DbNP366) or polymerase 2 protein 224–233 (DbPA224) at...

Abstract Recent studies have indicated variation in the infectivity β of HIV among heterosexual couples. We represent this heterogeneity by modelling as a random variable. Using data on number contacts and seroconversion couples, we fit model maximum‐likelihood estimation with beta distribution discrete for β. The estimates indicate is extreme. limitations implications results epidemiologic spread further research are discussed.

The role of the CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction in resolution Pneumocystis carinii (PC) pneumonia (PCP) was assessed a PC-infected severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse reconstitution model using an anti-CD40L mAb to block CD40L. SCID mice infected with PC were reconstituted unfractionated spleen cells from immunocompetent donors and given either or irrelevant control mAb. Mice resolved infection, whereas those did not. That also inhibited PC-specific IgG production is...

Destruction of the architectural and subsequently functional integrity lung following pulmonary viral infections is attributable to both extent pathogen replication host-generated inflammation associated with recruitment immune responses. The presence antigenically disparate viruses emergence novel assures recurrence damage infection resolution each primary infection. Thus, there a need develop safe broad spectrum immunoprophylactic strategies capable enhancing protective responses in but...

OBJECTIVES: New provisions in welfare reform target recipients with addictions, even though there is limited research on how substance abuse affects people's experiences welfare. This prospective study examined as a determinant of subsequent dependency. METHODS: Representative samples clients Aid to Families Dependent Children (AFDC) and general assistance California county were interviewed while applying for services 1989 reinterviewed 1995. RESULTS: Among AFDC recipients, was not...

To develop a model for predicting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) morbidity in San Francisco, Calif, through June 1993, we combined annual human virus seroconversion rates homosexual and bisexual men heterosexual intravenous drug users with estimates of the cumulative proportion population AIDS by duration infection size at-risk populations. We projected mortality applying Kaplan-Meier survival time following diagnosis to number cases. The median incubation period among infected...

To determine whether different antibody isotypes associated with T helper 1 (Th1) or Th2 responses are protective against Pneumocystis carinii, mice disrupted interleukin 4 genes (IL-4(-/-) mice) gamma interferon (IFN-gamma(-/-) along wild-type C57BL/6 were immunized intratracheally P. depleted of cells in vivo by use monoclonal antibodies, and rechallenged 10(7) viable carinii organisms. Nearly all resolved their lung infections (limit detection, log10 4.06) within 21 days challenge even...

The effective management of patients with chronic illnesses is critical to bending the curve health care spending in United States and a crucial test for reform. In this article we used data from three national surveys physician practices between 2006 2013 determine extent which all sizes have increased their use evidence-based processes associated patient-centered medical homes asthma, congestive heart failure, depression, diabetes. We found relatively large increases over time overall...

This study examined the interrelationship of race and socioeconomic status (SES) upon infant birthweight at individual neighborhood levels within a Midwestern US county marked by high Black mortality. The conducted multi-level analysis utilizing birth records census tract datasets from 2010, linked through spatial join with ArcGIS 10.0. maternal population 2861 White women delivering infants in residing 57 tracts county, constituted samples. main outcome was birthweight. predictors, SES were...