There is a low incidence of malaria in Iquitos, Peru, suburbs detected by passive case-detection. This might be attributable to infections clustered some households/regions and/or undetected asymptomatic infections.Passive case-detection (PCD) during the season (February-July) and an active (ACD) community-wide survey (March) surveyed 1,907 persons. Each month, April-July, 100-metre at-risk zones were defined location Plasmodium falciparum previous month. Longitudinal ACD PCD (ACP+PCD)...

Interest in larval source management (LSM) as an adjunct intervention to control and eliminate malaria transmission has recently increased mainly because long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) indoor residual spray (IRS) are ineffective against exophagic exophilic mosquitoes. In Amazonian Peru, the identification of most productive, positive water bodies would increase impact targeted mosquito on aquatic life stages. The present study explores use unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for...

Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films remains a major form diagnosis in malaria case management, and is reference standard for research. However, as with other visualization-based diagnoses, accuracy depends on individual technician performance, making standardization difficult reliability poor. Automated image recognition based machine-learning, utilizing convolutional neural networks, offers potential to overcome these drawbacks. A prototype digital microscope device...

Abstract Malaria has steadily increased in the Peruvian Amazon over last five years. This study aimed to determine parasite prevalence and micro-geographical heterogeneity of Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia communities Amazon. Four cross-sectional active case detection surveys were conducted between May July 2015 four riverine Mazan district. Analysis 2785 samples 820 individuals nested within 154 households for was carried out using light microscopy qPCR. The spatio-temporal distribution...

Background With low and markedly seasonal malaria transmission, increasingly sensitive tools for better stratifying the risk of infection targeting control interventions are needed. A cross-sectional survey to characterize current transmission patterns, identify hotspots, detect recent changes using parasitological serological measures was conducted in three sites Peruvian Amazon. Material Methods After full census study population, 651 participants were interviewed, clinically examined had...

Malaria transmission in the peri-Iquitos region of Amazonian Peru has been designated as seasonal and hypo-endemic with recently described hyper-endemic hotspots. Despite relatively recent distribution long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs), malaria persists increased substantially 2014 compared to previous years. Anopheles darlingi, identified main vector, is known for its variable behaviour depending on locality environment. To evaluate vector biology metrics relation seasonality...

In Loreto Department, Peru, a successful 2005-2010 malaria control programme (known as PAMAFRO) included massive distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Additional local LLINs occurred in individual villages, but not between 2012 and 2015. A 2011-2012 study the primary regional vector Anopheles darlingi detected trend increased exophagy compared with pre-PAMAFRO behaviour. For present study, An. were collected three villages 2013-2015 to test two hypotheses: (1) that LLIN...

Malaria remains an important public health problem in Peru where incidence has been increasing since 2011. Of over 55,000 cases reported 2017, Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76%), with P. falciparum responsible for remaining 24%. Nyssorhynchus darlingi (previously Anopheles darlingi) is main vector Amazonian Peru, hyperendemic transmission pockets have found. Mazán district pronounced spatial heterogeneity of malaria. However, little known about behavior, ecology or seasonal...

Loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP) methodology offers an opportunity for point-of-care (POC) molecular detection of asymptomatic malaria infections. However, there is still little evidence on the feasibility implementing this technique population screenings in isolated field settings.Overall, we recruited 1167 individuals from terrestrial ('road') and hydric ('riverine') communities Peruvian Amazon a cross-sectional survey to detect The technical performance LAMP was evaluated...

In Amazonian Peru, the primary malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi), is difficult to target using standard vector control methods because it mainly feeds and rests outdoors. Larval source management could be a useful supplementary intervention, but determine its feasibility, more detailed studies on larval ecology of Ny. are essential. We conducted multi-level study Anophelinae mosquitoes in peri-Iquitos region examining environmental characteristics habitats...

The Peruvian Ministry of Health reports a near absence malaria cases in the Amazon region during COVID-19 pandemic. However, rapid increase SARS-CoV-2 infections has overwhelmed health system, leading to national panic and closure public medical facilities, casting doubt on how accurately cases' numbers reflect reality. In Loreto, where are concentrated, led near-complete primary healthcare diagnosis treatment acute febrile illnesses, including malaria, plummeted. Here, we describe potential...

In malaria endemic regions of the Peruvian Amazon, rainfall together with river level and breeding site availability drive fluctuating vector mosquito abundance human cases, leading to temporal heterogeneity. The main variables influencing spatial transmission include location communities, behaviour, land use/land cover, ecology/behaviour. objective was evaluate seasonal microgeographic biting behaviour Nyssorhynchus (or Anopheles) darlingi in Amazonian Peru investigate effects seasonality...

Remote rural riverine villages account for most of the reported malaria cases in Peruvian Amazon. As transmission decreases due to intensive standard control efforts, strategies these will need be more focused and adapted local epidemiology.By integrating parasitological, entomological, environmental observations between January 2016 June 2017, we provided an in-depth characterization dynamics 4 Mazan district, Loreto department.Despite variation across villages, prevalence by polymerase...

The persistence of malaria hotspots in Datem del Marañon Province, Peru, prompted vector control units at the Ministry Health, Loreto Department, to collaborate with Amazonian International Center Excellence for Malaria Research identify main vectors several riverine villages that had annual parasite indices > 15 2018-2019. Anophelinae were collected indoors and outdoors two 12-hour nights/community during dry season 2019 using human landing catch. We identified four species: Nyssorhynchus...

During April-June 2014 in a malaria-endemic rural community close to the city of Iquitos Peru, we detected evidence Guaroa virus (GROV) infection 14 febrile persons, whom 6 also had Plasmodium vivax malaria. Cases were discovered through long-term illness surveillance network at local participating health facilities. GROV cases identified by using combination seroconversion and isolation, malaria was diagnosed thick smear PCR. mono-infections manifested as nonspecific clinically...

Background: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among people at risk is critical for understanding both the prior transmission COVID-19 and vulnerability population to continuing and, when done serially, intensity ongoing over an interval in a community. In this study, we estimated seroprevalence representative population-based cohort Iquitos, one regions with highest mortality rates from Peru, where devastating number cases occurred March 2020.Methods: We conducted study tested each...

Summary Background Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among people at risk is critical for understanding both the prior transmission COVID-19 and vulnerability population to continuing and, when done serially, intensity ongoing over an interval in a community. In this study, we estimated seroprevalence representative population-based cohort Iquitos, one regions with highest mortality rates from Peru, where devastating number cases occurred March 2020. Methods We conducted study tested each...

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the main Amazon cities dramatically, with Iquitos City reporting highest seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during first wave worldwide. This phenomenon raised many questions about possibility a co-circulation dengue and its consequences. We carried out population-based cohort study in Iquitos, Peru. obtained venous blood sample from subset 326 adults (August 13-18, 2020) to estimate anti-dengue virus (DENV) antibodies. tested each serum for anti-DENV...

BACKGROUND Nyssorhynchus dunhami, a member of the Nuneztovari Complex, has been collected in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru described as zoophilic. Although to date Ny. dunhami not documented be naturally infected by Plasmodium, it is frequently misidentified other Oswaldoi subgroup species that are local or regional malaria vectors. OBJECTIVES The current study seeks verify morphological identification Complex peri-Iquitos region Amazonian Peru, determine their Plasmodium infection status,...

Indoor residual spray (IRS), mainly employing pyrethroid insecticides, is the most common intervention to prevent malaria transmission in many regions of Latin America; use long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has been more limited. Knockdown resistance (kdr) a well-characterized target-site mechanism associated with and DDT resistance. Most mutations detected acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) genes are non-synonymous, resulting change amino acid leading...

Indoor residual spray (IRS), mainly employing pyrethroid insecticides, is the most common intervention for preventing malaria transmission in many regions of Latin America; use long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) has been more limited. Knockdown resistance (kdr) a well-characterized target-site mechanism associated with and DDT resistance. Most mutations detected acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) genes are non-synonymous, resulting change amino acid,...