New evidence based on recent satellite data is presented to provide a rare opportunity in quantifying the long‐speculated contribution of tropical cyclones enhance ocean primary production. In July 2000, moderate cyclone Kai‐Tak passed over South China Sea (SCS). During its short 3‐day stay, triggered an average 30‐fold increase surface chlorophyll‐a concentration. The estimated carbon fixation resulting from this event alone 0.8 Mt, or 2–4% SCS's annual new Given 14 passing SCS annually, we...

Abstract Category 5 cyclones are the most intense and devastating on earth. With increasing observations of category cyclones, such as Hurricane Katrina (2005), Rita Mitch (1998), Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) found to intensify warm ocean features (i.e., regions positive sea surface height anomalies detected by satellite altimeters), there is great interest in investigating role play intensification cyclones. Based 13 yr altimetry data, situ climatological upper-ocean thermal structure...

Abstract Understanding the interaction of ocean eddies with tropical cyclones is critical for improving understanding and prediction cyclone intensity change. Here an investigation presented between Supertyphoon Maemi, most intense in 2003, a warm eddy western North Pacific. In September Maemi passed directly over prominent (700 km × 500 km) when passing 22°N eddy-rich zone northwest Pacific Ocean. Analyses satellite altimetry best-track data from Joint Typhoon Warning Center show that...

Of all the natural disasters occurring in Taiwan, tropical cyclones are most serious. Over a 20-yr period, Taiwan was hit by an average of 3.7 typhoons per year. These storms can produce heavy rainfall and strong winds, leading to severe damage agriculture industry, serious loss human life. An outstanding example is Typhoon Herb, which made landfall on 31 July 1996. Herb took 70 lives caused estimated $5 billion property. Accurate prediction track, intensity, precipitation, winds for...

On 2 May 2008, category‐4 tropical cyclone Nargis devastated Myanmar. It was observed that just prior to its landfall, rapidly intensified from a weak category‐1 storm an intense within only 24 h. Using in situ ocean depth‐temperature measurements and satellite altimetry, it is found Nargis' rapid intensification took place on pre‐existing warm anomaly the Bay of Bengal. In anomaly, subsurface evidently warmer than climatology, as characterized by depth 26°C isotherm 73–101 m heat potential...

Dipolar compounds for use in simplified, single-layer organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) containing a dibenzothiophene S,S-dioxide core and two peripheral diarylamines are synthesized. These materials exhibit bipolar carrier-transport properties, efficient electroluminescent (see Figure; ITO: indium tin oxide) using these demonstrated. may lead to with performances comparable multilayer ones at lower costs.

Abstract Timely and accurate forecasts of tropical cyclones (TCs, i.e., hurricanes typhoons) are great importance for risk mitigation. Although in the past two decades there has been steady improvement track prediction, on intensity prediction is still highly challenging. Cooling upper ocean by TC‐induced mixing an important process that impacts TC intensity. Based detail situ air‐deployed atmospheric measurement pairs collected during Impact Typhoons Ocean Pacific (ITOP) field campaign, we...

Abstract Using new in situ ocean subsurface observations from the Argo floats, best-track typhoon data U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center, an mixed layer model, and other supporting datasets, this work systematically explores interrelationships between translation speed, ocean’s condition [characterized by depth of 26°C isotherm (D26) upper-ocean heat content (UOHC)], a cyclone’s self-induced cooling negative feedback, air–sea enthalpy fluxes for intensification western North Pacific category...

Abstract The rapid intensification of Hurricane Katrina followed by the devastation U.S. Gulf States highlights critical role played an upper-oceanic thermal structure (such as ocean eddy or Loop Current) in affecting development tropical cyclones. In this paper, impact on cyclone intensity is investigated using a simple hurricane–ocean coupled model. Numerical experiments with different oceanic structures are designed to elucidate responses cyclones and effects ocean. This model shows that...

Abstract In Part I of this study, the association between secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and broadening outer swirling wind in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) was documented. The findings from help lay groundwork for application a newly proposed intensification paradigm to SEF. II presents new model SEF that utilizes its axisymmetric view dynamics. point sequence structure changes occur vortex’s outer-core region, culminating begins with tangential winds, followed by an increase corresponding...

Tropical cyclones (TCs) change the ocean by mixing deeper water into surface layers, direct air–sea exchange of moisture and heat from sea surface, inducing currents, waves, waves internal to ocean. In turn, changed influences intensity TC, primarily through action cooler temperatures that modify fluxes. The Impact Typhoons on Ocean in Pacific (ITOP) program made detailed measurements three different TCs (i.e., typhoons) their interaction with western Pacific. ITOP coordinated meteorological...

Abstract The effects of two environmental dynamical factors, namely, the transitional speed and vertical wind shear, on tropical cyclone (TC) intensification, intensity, lifetime peak intensity were analyzed based observations in western North Pacific during 1981–2003. In general, both fast translation strong shear are negative to TC intensification intensity. Both very intense TCs with rapid rate found only occur a narrow range translational speeds between 3 8 m s−1, relatively weak shear....

Abstract This study trains three machine learning models with varying complexity—Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Neural Network—to predict cyclogenesis at a forecast lead time of 24 hr for given tropical disturbances identified by an optimized Kalman Filter algorithm. The overall performance is competent in terms f1‐scores (∼0.8) compared to previous research the same kind. An assessment SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values reveals that mid‐level (500 hPa) vorticity most...

Abstract The objectives of this study are to clarify the role initial outer-core structure in intensity development and eye formation tropical cyclones (TCs) examine inner-core evolution both troposphere lower stratosphere during intensification. A set TCs with modified wind profiles Typhoon Soudelor (2015) is up. There systematic variations intensity, radius maximum (RMW) size, wherein larger vortices exhibit peak intensification rate RMW contraction rate, tend maintain their size. While...

In this study, a series of numerical experiments are performed to examine the ability high-resolution mesoscale model predict track, intensity change, and detailed precipitation distributions associated with Typhoon Herb (1996), which made landfall over Taiwan. The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), 2.2-km horizontal grid spacing, successfully simulates rainfall distribution Herb, predicted maximum 24-h 1199 mm...

Two remote sensing data sets, the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and NASA QuikSCAT ocean surface wind vectors, are analysed to study ocean‐atmosphere interactions in cold SST regions formed trail of two typhoon events. Anomalously patches up 6°C below surrounding warm tropical found along tracks as cold, deep waters entrained mixed layer due forcing. In both events, significant systematic weakening speed is over relative regions. The anomalies disappear...

Most extant studies of tropical cyclone movement consider a barotropic vortex on β plane. However, observations have shown that real cyclones are strongly baroclinic, with broad anticyclones aloft. Also, the distribution large-scale potential vorticity gradient in atmosphere is very nonuniform. These properties may substantially influence such storms. Note anticyclone above hurricane will interact lower and induce storm motion. Such interaction can be caused by both direct effect ambient...

DOTSTAR (Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region) is an international research program conducted by meteorologists in partnered with scientists at Hurricane Research Division (HRD) and National Centers Environmental Prediction (NCEP) of Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The experiment based on successful surveillance missions Atlantic NOAA's Gulfstream-IV jet aircraft. During experiment, GPS dropwindsondes are released from a aircraft flying above...

Abstract Since 2003, a field program has been conducted under the name of Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near Taiwan Region (DOTSTAR). As DOTSTAR suggests, targeted observation is one its key objectives. The prerequisite designing observing strategy to identify sensitive areas, which would exert great influence on results numerical forecast or extent error. In addition various sensitivity products already adopted in DOTSTAR, new way area tropical cyclones based...

From analyzing the distribution of transient luminous events (TLEs) registered by Imager Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning payload on FORMOSAT‐2 satellite, we deduced synoptic‐scale factors that control occurrence TLEs. For low‐latitude tropical regions (25°S ∼ 25°N), 84% TLEs were found to occur over Intertropical Convergence Zone South Pacific exhibited a seasonal variation migrates north south with respect equator. midlatitude (latitudes beyond ±30°), congregated Ocean, Atlantic...

Abstract Starting from 2003, a new typhoon surveillance program, Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region (DOTSTAR), was launched. During 2004, 10 missions eight typhoons were conducted successfully with 155 dropwindsondes deployed. In this study, impact of these dropwindsonde data on tropical cyclone track forecasts has been evaluated five models (four operational and one research models). All models, except Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)...

This study shows that the Pacific‐Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern has a significant influence on tropical cyclone (TC) activities over western North Pacific (WNP) during boreal summer (July, August, and September). During positive (negative) PJ phase, TCs form at more northward (southward) location, recurve northeastward (southwestward) frequently pass northeast Asian (southeast Asian) region, including Korea Japan (South China Sea southern China). In particular, this difference in TC...

Abstract A unique dataset of targeted dropsonde observations was collected during The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC) in the autumn 2008. campaign supplemented by an enhancement operational Dropsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near Taiwan Region (DOTSTAR) program. For first time, up to four different aircraft were available typhoon over 1500 additional soundings collected. This study investigates influence...

Abstract Typhoon Morakot made landfall on Taiwan with a record rainfall of 3031.5 mm during 6–13 August 2009. While previous studies have emphasized the influence southwesterly winds associated intraseasonal oscillations and monsoon surges moisture supply, interaction between low-frequency flows resulting slow movement asymmetric precipitation structure typhoon were examined observationally. Embedded in multi-time-scale monsoonal flows, generally moved westward prior to its underwent...