ABSTRACT Inter‐individual variability is a common issue of noninvasive brain stimulation. This study aimed to augment neuroplasticity induced by paired associative stimulation (PAS) through leveraging interlimb neural interactions. Specifically, we assessed lower‐limb corticospinal excitability when voluntary ipsilateral upper‐limb muscle contraction (UMC) was integrated into PAS in 19 able‐bodied young adults. targeted the right soleus (i.e., muscle), pairing peripheral nerve (PNS) with...

Abstract Underwater walking is one of the most common hydrotherapeutic exercises. Therefore, understanding muscular control during underwater important for optimizing training regimens. The effects water environment on are mainly related to hydrostatic and hydrodynamic theories buoyancy drag force. To date, has been investigated at individual muscle level. However, it recognized that human nervous system modularly controls multiple muscles through synergies, which sets work together. We...

Manipulations require complex upper limb movements in which the central nervous system (CNS) must deal with many degrees of freedom. Evidence suggests that CNS utilizes motor primitives called muscle synergies to simplify production movements. However, exact neural mechanism underlying control a wide array manipulations is not fully understood. Here, we tested whether there are basic units can explain diverse range manipulations. We measured electromyographic activities 20 muscles across...

The extent to which muscle synergies represent the neural control of human behavior remains unknown. Here, we tested whether certain sets that are fundamentally necessary across behaviors exist. We measured electromyographic activities 26 muscles, including bilateral trunk and lower limb during 24 locomotion, dynamic static stability tasks, extracted using non-negative matrix factorization. Our results show 13 may have unique functional roles accounted for almost all tasks by combinations...

Abstract It is well known that contracting the upper limbs can affect spinal reflexes of lower limb muscle, via intraneuronal networks within central nervous system. However, it remains unknown whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which generate muscle contractions without commands from cortex, also play a role in such inter-limb facilitation. Therefore, objective this study was to compare effects unilateral using NMES and voluntary on reflex facilitation muscles. Spinal...

While electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are well-established noninvasive methods in neuroscience clinical medicine, they suffer from low spatial resolution. Electrophysiological source imaging (ESI) addresses this by noninvasively exploring the neuronal origins of M/EEG signals. Although subcortical structures crucial to many brain functions diseases, accurately localizing sources remains particularly challenging, feasibility is still a subject debate. Traditional...

Metaphorical association between vertical space and emotional valence is activated by bodily movement toward the corresponding space. Upward or downward manual "following" observation of images reported to alter perceived as more positive negative. This study aimed clarify this retrospective modulation. Experiment 1 investigated effects temporal order stimuli movements. Participants performed upward, downward, horizontal movements immediately before after images; they then rated image. The...

Parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is found in high concentrations human milk. One of the possible physiological roles PTHrP may be regulation calcium transport through mammary gland. The relationship between milk and Ca was evaluated lactating women present study. Milk has been quantified by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) radioimmunoassay (RIA). IRMA detects 1–72, RIA carboxyterminal region (C-PTHrP). 1–72 C-PTHrP did not significantly change breast-feeding. changed time day,...

Neural interactions between upper and lower limbs underlie motor coordination in humans. Specifically, limb voluntary muscle contraction can facilitate spinal corticospinal excitability of the muscles. However, little remains known on involvement somatosensory information arm-leg neural interactions. Here, we investigated effects electrically induced wrist flexion processing limbs. In Experiment 1, measured transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked evoked potentials (MEPs) resting...

Abstract Most human movements require coordinated activation of multiple muscles. Although many studies reported associations between arm, leg, and trunk muscles during functional tasks, their neural interaction mechanisms still remain unclear. Therefore, the aim our study was to investigate arm-trunk or arm-leg interactions in corticospinal tract different arm muscle contractions. Specifically, we examined excitability erector spinae (ES; extensor), rectus abdominis (RA; flexor), tibialis...

To determine whether monomeric calcitonin levels are increased during pregnancy.Monomeric was measured by immunoradiometric assay in maternal blood pregnancy (n = 50) as well paired and umbilical venous arterial 18) collected at term deliveries.Maternal were not puerperium compared with nonpregnant women (power .8). There no significant difference between (mean [+/- standard deviation] 18.56 +/- 8.37 versus 18.74 10.46 ng/L, respectively). Cord much higher than (2.57 1.93 ng/L).Maternal to...

Electrical stimulation involving visual areas of the brain produces artificial light percepts called phosphenes. These have been extensively investigated in previous studies intracortical microsimulation (ICMS) and serve as basis for developing a prosthesis blind. Although advances achieved, many challenges still remain with implementing functional ICMS rehabilitation purposes. Transcranial magnetic (TMS) over primary occipital lobe offers an alternative method to produce phosphenes...

OBJECTIVE A dopamine (DA) antagonist, metoclopramide, stimulates ACTH secretion in some women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea (HA) but not normal women. Metoclopramide may stimulate by decreasing dopaminergic inhibition of release. Furthermore, metoclopramide AVP secretion, and is a stimulator ACTH. Therefore, also be involved the responses to metoclopramide. The relation between were evaluated HA obtain more insight into role DA regulation secretion. DESIGN ACTH, cortisol levels measured...

To clarify the relationship between neuronal activity and hemodynamic response, activations of primary somatosensory cortex were studied using MEG (magnetoencephalogram) fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Effects stimulus intensity by electrical stimulation to right thumb was investigated. The authors focused on number activated pixels, time courses response obtained fMRI, dipole moments neuromagnetic activity. For experiments, a pixels signal power, which defined as integrated...

Abstract The extent to which muscle synergies represent the neural control of human behavior remains unknown. Here, we tested whether certain sets that are fundamentally necessary across behaviors exist. We measured electromyographic activities 26 muscles including bilateral trunk and lower limb during 24 locomotion, dynamic static stability tasks, extracted using non-negative matrix factorization. Our results showed 13 may have unique functional roles accounted for almost all tasks by...

In humans, peripheral sensory stimulation inhibits subsequent motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation; this process is referred to as short- or long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI LAI, respectively), depending on the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) length. Although upper limb SAI and LAI have been well studied, lower remain under-investigated. Here, we examined time course of soleus (SOL) muscle MEP following electrical tibial nerve (TN) at popliteal fossa...

This study examined the effects of an integrated lesson conducted for six months in a fourth-grade social studies class. The examination was made with respect to two issues: how lesson’s conceptualization and generalization may aid thinking skills studies, use learning strategies matches problem-solving process. children answered questions covering major units their notebooks. results indicated that children’s conceptualizations generalizations were stimulated. also proposes method process...

Akpinar, E1; Zamora, R1; Kato, T1; Nishida, S1; Levi, D1; Moon, J G.1; Selvaggi, G1; Prietto, E2; Arosemana, L3; Tzakis, A1 Author Information

In humans, peripheral sensory stimulation inhibits subsequent motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation; this process is referred to as short- or long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI LAI, respectively), depending on the length of inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs). Although upper-limb SAI and LAI have been well studied, it remains unclear lower-limb LAI. Herein, we examined time course soleus (SOL) muscle MEP following electrical tibial nerve (TN) stimulation....