Abstract Cortical state, defined by population-level neuronal activity patterns, determines sensory perception. While arousal-associated neuromodulators—including norepinephrine (NE)—reduce cortical synchrony, how the cortex resynchronizes remains unknown. Furthermore, general mechanisms regulating synchrony in wake state are poorly understood. Using vivo imaging and electrophysiology mouse visual cortex, we describe a critical role for astrocytes circuit resynchronization. We characterize...

Abstract Astrocytes, the most abundant non-neuronal cell type in mammalian brain, are crucial circuit components that respond to and modulate neuronal activity through calcium (Ca 2+ ) signalling 1–7 . Astrocyte Ca is highly heterogeneous occurs across multiple spatiotemporal scales—from fast, subcellular 3,4 slow, synchronized connected astrocyte networks 8–10 —to influence many processes 5,7,11 However, inputs drive network dynamics remain unclear. Here we used ex vivo two-photon imaging...

Regional differences in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia exist the brain during health, regional transcriptome may occur for each cell type neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is multifocal, astrocyte experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS model. EAE are characterized by inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, with minimal remyelination. Here, RNA-sequencing analysis of tissues from six regions suggested a focus on oligodendrocyte lineage cells...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a putative T cell–mediated autoimmune disease. As with many diseases, females are more susceptible than males. Sexual dimorphisms may be due to differences in sex hormones, chromosomes, or both. Regarding chromosome genes, small percentage of X genes escape inactivation and have higher expression (XX) compared males (XY). Here, high-throughput gene analysis CD4+ cells showed that the top sexually dimorphic was Kdm6a, histone demethylase on chromosome. There Kdm6a...

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for cognitive control, and dopamine profoundly influences its functions. In other brain regions, astrocytes sense diverse neurotransmitters neuromodulators and, in turn, orchestrate regulation of neuroactive substances. However, basic physiology PFC astrocytes, including which neuromodulatory signals they respond to how contribute function, unclear. Here, we characterize divergent signaling signatures mouse the primary sensory cortex, show differential...

Abstract Background Studies with the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans have identified conserved biochemical pathways that act to modulate life span. Life span can also be influenced by composition of intestinal microbiome, and C . dramatically its diet Escherichia coli Although is typically fed standard OP50 strain E , nematodes strains rendered respiratory deficient, either due a lack coenzyme Q or absence ATP synthase, show significant extension. Here we explore mechanisms accounting...

A common polymorphism (G870A) in the exon 4/intron 4 boundary of CCND1 gene has been linked to an alternate transcript, cyclin D1b, which preferentially encodes a protein with increased transforming capability compared full-length D1a. Therefore, G870A may influence individual's susceptibility development certain tumors. In present study, we investigated association glioma cancer risk northern Chinese population. By polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length (PCR-RFLP) analysis,...

Summary Paragraph Astrocytes—the most abundant non-neuronal cell type in the mammalian brain—are crucial circuit components that respond to and modulate neuronal activity via calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling 1–8 . Astrocyte Ca is highly heterogeneous occurs across multiple spatiotemporal scales: from fast, subcellular 3,4 slow, synchronized travels connected astrocyte networks 9–11 Furthermore, network has been shown influence a wide range of processes 5,8,12 While important implications for...

Summary The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for cognitive control, and dopamine profoundly influences its functions. In other brain regions, astrocytes sense diverse neurotransmitters neuromodulators and, in turn, orchestrate regulation of neuroactive substances. However, basic physiology PFC astrocytes, including which neuromodulatory signals they respond to how contribute function, lacking. Here, we characterize divergent signaling signatures primary sensory mice, are linked differential...

Abstract Actinobacteriophages of a wide range genome sizes continue to be isolated and characterized, but only handful these have atypically small genomes, defined in this work as under 20,000 bp. These “small phages” are relatively rare received minimal study thus far. Of the actinobacteriophages published PhagesDB.org , phages been on Arthrobacter Gordonia Rhodococcus Microbacterium hosts. A previous by Pope et al . showed that similar gene products amino acid sequences. Here, we set out...

The efficacy of providing self-acupressure educational materials in reducing stress and improving health-related quality life (HRQOL) is uncertain. Evidence-based data to recommend for or against as an intervention HRQOL needed.The Self-Acupressure Stress (SAS) trial evaluates whether would reduce improve among health care providers (HCPs).Randomized behavioral clinical trial.The entire study took place remotely.One hundred fifty-nine adult HCPs with no prior experience training...

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are exquisitely sensitive to autoxidation damage. The enhanced vulnerability of PUFAs such stems from the labile nature bis‐allylic hydrogen atoms. synthesized contain Deuterium atoms uniquely at sites (termed isotope‐reinforced PUFAs) would be expected more resistant reactions due isotope effect. This hypothesis was tested by making use yeast coq mutants with defects in biosynthesis coenzyme Q (CoQ, or ubiquinone). CoQ plays a well‐known role respiratory...

Abstract Astrocytes perform critical functions in the nervous system, many of which are dependent on neurotransmitter-sensing through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, whether specific astrocytic outputs follow GPCR activity remains unclear, and exploring this question is for understanding how astrocytes ultimately influence brain function behavior. We previously showed that Gi-GPCR activation sufficient to increase slow-wave neural (SWA) during sleep when activated cortical 1 ....

Abstract Aging is a risk factor for cognitive decline and susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Some aspects of aging, like the loss sex hormones, may be preventable. Menopause associated with deficits brain atrophy. Since standard hormone replacement therapy (HRT) does not mitigate these aging outcomes, gap in knowledge involves understanding region-specific, cell-specific, receptor-specific mechanisms underlying this neurodegeneration. Here, testing vivo magnetic resonance imaging...