Disease resistance strategies are powerful approaches to sustainable agriculture because they reduce chemical input into the environment. Recently, Piriformospora indica , a plant-root-colonizing basidiomycete fungus, has been discovered in Indian Thar desert and was shown provide strong growth-promoting activity during its symbiosis with broad spectrum of plants [Verma, S. et al. (1998) Mycologia 90, 896-903]. Here, we report on potential P. induce fungal diseases tolerance salt stress...

The root endophytic basidiomycete Piriformospora indica has been shown to increase resistance against biotic stress and tolerance abiotic in many plants. Biochemical mechanisms underlying P. indica-mediated salt were studied barley (Hordeum vulgare) with special focus on antioxidants. Physiological markers for stress, such as metabolic activity, fatty acid composition, lipid peroxidation, ascorbate concentration activities of catalase, peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase,...

We analyzed the pathogenesis-related generation of H2O2 using microscopic detection 3,3-diaminobenzidine polymerization in near-isogenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines carrying different powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) resistance genes, and a line expressing chemically activated after treatment with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (DCINA). Hypersensitive cell death Mla12 Mlg genotypes or chemical activation by DCINA was associated accumulation throughout attacked cells....

Changes in ascorbate and glutathione levels activities of peroxidase, catalase, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), (GR), S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-inoculated lower leaves non-inoculated upper Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi-nc. In separate experiments the effects exogenous salicylic acid (SA) also studied. Symptom appearance after TMV inoculation was preceded by a slight, transient decline GR, GST, SOD inoculated leaves, but...

Tissue necroses and resistance during the hypersensitive response (HR) of tobacco to mosaic virus (TMV) are overcome at temperatures above 28 degrees C multiplies high levels in originally resistant N-gene expressing plants. We have demonstrated that chemical compounds generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) or directly applied hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) able induce HR-type TMV-inoculated Xanthi-nc even (e.g. 30 C). The amount superoxide (O(2)(*-)) decreased, while H(2)O(2) slightly...

Fusarium culmorum causes root rot in barley (Hordeum vulgare), resulting severely reduced plant growth and yield. Pretreatment of roots with chlamydospores the mutualistic root-colonizing basidiomycete Piriformospora indica (subdivision Agaricomycotina) prevented necrotization tissues retardation commonly associated rot. Quantification infections a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay revealed correlation between symptoms relative amount fungal DNA. Fusarium-infected showed levels...

The absorption, distribution and elimination of fumonisin B1 (and B2) after oral administration Fusarium verticillioides (MRC 826) fungal culture, mixed into the experimental feed for 10 days, was studied in weaned barrows. In order to determine absorption FB1 from marked by chromium oxide, a special T-cannula implanted distal part pigs' ileum. During feeding toxin-containing diet (45 mg kg−1) until tenth day end treatment, total quantity urine faeces collected their toxin content analysed....

Click to increase image sizeClick decrease sizeKeywords: CarvoneGlutathioneGlutathione S-transferaseNecrotic lesionTobaccoTobacco mosaic virusAbbreviations: APX, ascorbate peroxidaseGR, glutathione reductaseGSI I, glutathioneCSSG, oxidized glutathioneGST, glutathioneS-transferaseMDA, malondialdehydeOTC, L-2.-oxothiaz.olidine-4-carboxylic acidROS, reactive oxygen speciesTMV, tobacco virus

Antioxidant status was assayed in leaves of two local lesion hosts tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), namely wild-type Xanthi-nc and NahG transgenic tobacco, the latter which is not able to accumulate salicylic acid (SA) therefore unable develop systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Activities several enzymes related antioxidative defense, levels glutathione, chlorogenic rutin were studied. The majority antioxidant less active uninfected than Xanthi-nc. Furthermore, important enzymatic non-enzymatic...

Depending on the capability for stress adaptation, role played by glutathione in microspore embryogenesis consists of both antioxidative activity and stimulation embryo-like structure development. The efficiency (ME) is determined complex network internal environmental factors. Among them, efficient defence against oxidative seems to be one most important. present study confirms this hypothesis showing positive effect glutathione-the abundant cellular antioxidant-on ME isolated cultures...

Heat stress alters plant defence responses to pathogens. Short-term heat shock promotes infections by biotrophic However, little is known about how affects infection hemibiotrophic pathogens like Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph: Cochliobolus sativus). We assessed the effect of in B. sorokiniana-susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Ingrid) monitoring leaf spot symptoms, biomass, ROS and defence-related gene expression following pre-exposure shock. For shock, plants were kept at 49 °C for...

Abstract Membrane damage caused by the non‐specific fungal toxin fusaric acid was less on pre‐treated than control leaves when tobacco were pretreated with anti‐senescence plant hormones, such as kinetin, benzyladenine or anti‐ozonant N ‐[2‐(2‐oxo‐1‐imidazolidinyl)]ethyl‐ ′‐phenylurea. Similarly, necrosis mercuric chloride reduced above agents. In addition, in vitro tests, from selected paraquat‐tolerant plants sensitive to Alternaria alternata (Fr) Keissler infection those of...

Drought is one of the most adverse stresses that affect plant growth and yield. Disturbances in metabolic activity resulting from drought cause overproduction reactive oxygen species. It postulated brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate tolerance to stress conditions, but underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. An involvement endogenous BRs regulation antioxidant homeostasis not fully clarified either. Therefore, aim this study was elucidate role non-enzymatic antioxidants barley (Hordeum...

Enhanced antioxidant defence plays an essential role in plant survival under stress conditions. However, excessive activity sometimes suppresses the signal necessary for initiation of desired biological reactions. One such example is microspore embryogenesis (ME)—a process embryo-like structure formation triggered by immature male gametophytes. The study focused on reactive oxygen species and triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) reprogramming. ME was induced through...

High temperatures associated with climate change may increase the severity of plant diseases. This study investigated effect heat shock treatment on host and non-host barley powdery mildew interactions using brassinosteroid (BR) mutants barley. Brassinosteroids are steroid hormones, but so far little is known about their role in plant-fungal interactions. Wild type cultivar Bowman its near-isogenic lines disturbances BR biosynthesis or signalling showed high compatibility to race A6, while...

The distribution and elimination of fumonisins after oral administration 50 mg FB(1), 20 FB(2) 5 FB(3) per animal day(-1) for 22 days was studied in weaned barrows. At the end trial, lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, serum, bile, muscle, fat, urine faeces samples were collected their content (FB(1), FB(2)) determined by LC-MS. highest FB(1) concentrations found liver (99.4 +/- 37.5 ng g(-1)) kidneys (30.6 10.1 g(-1)), whilst average amount (1.4 2.3 fat (2.6 g(-1) 4.8) samples....

This is the first demonstration that tobacco mosaic virus-induced oxidative stress in a necrotic host plant signalled by an elevated level of monodehydroascorbate (MDA) radicals detected electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, systemic acquired resistance induced remote leaves Xanthi-nc also associated with stimulated MDA signals indicative microoxidative burst.

Heat stress negatively affects barley production and under elevated temperatures defense responses to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Bgh) are altered. Previous research has analyzed the effects of short-term (30 s 2 h) heat stress, however, few data available on influence long-term exposure infections. We simultaneously assessed short long term pre-exposure resistance/susceptibility Bgh, evaluating infection by analyzing symptoms Bgh biomass with RT-qPCR in plants...