Abstract A colour‐difference equation based on CIELAB is developed. It includes not only lightness, chroma, and hue weighting functions, but also an interactive term between chroma differences for improving the performance blue colours a scaling factor * scale gray colours. Four reliable colour discrimination datasets upon object were accumulated combined. The was tested together with other advanced equations using combined dataset each individual dataset. outperformed CMC CIE94 by large...

Abstract Can a single colour model be used for all colorimetric applications? This article intends to answer that question. Colour appearance models have been developed predict under different viewing conditions. They are also capable of evaluating differences because their embedded uniform spaces. first tests the performance CIE 2002 model, CIECAM02, in predicting three types discrimination data sets: large‐ and small‐magnitude daylight illuminants illuminant A. The results showed CIECAM02...

Abstract The CIECAM02 color‐appearance model enjoys popularity in scientific research and industrial applications since it was recommended by the CIE 2002. However, has been found that computational failures can occur certain cases such as during image processing of cross‐media color reproduction applications. Some proposals have developed to repair model. all same structure original solve problems concerned at expense losing accuracy predicted visual data compared with In this article, is...

Using simulated data sets, we have analyzed some mathematical properties of different statistical measurements that been employed in previous literature to test the performance color-difference formulas. Specifically, combined index PF/3 (performance factor obtained as average three terms), widely current literature, considered. A new named standardized residual sum squares (STRESS), multidimensional scaling techniques, is recommended. The main difference between and STRESS latter simpler...

A perceptually uniform color space has been long desired for a wide range of imaging applications. Such should be able to represent pixel in three unique and independent attributes (lightness, chroma, hue). would over gamut, linear iso-hue directions, can predict both small large differences as well lightness high dynamic environments. It also have minimum computational cost real time or quasi-real processing. Presently available spaces are not achieve these goals satisfactorily...

For the correlated color temperature (CCT) of a light source to be estimated, nonlinear optimization problem must solved.In all previous methods available compute CCT, objective function has only been approximated, and their predictions have achieved limited accuracy.For example, different unacceptable CCT values predicted for sources located on same isotemperature line.In this paper, we propose using Newton method, which requires first second derivatives function.Following current...

Abstract The paper describes a comprehensive test to evaluate the performance of current colour‐difference models using available experimental datasets. In total, 28 individual datasets were accumulated 17 formulae, 13 them based on Uniform Colour Spaces (UCSs) in terms Standardized Residual Sum Squares ( STRESS ) measure. divided into three groups: Large Colour‐Difference data (LCD), Small for surface colours (SCDs), and Difference display (SCDd). For each colour model, four versions...

Purpose This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided RFA MWA in treatment unifocal PTMC.

Abstract Several colour‐difference formulas such as CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 have been developed by modifying CIELAB. These give much better fits for experimental data based on small colour differences than does None of these has an associated uniform space (UCS). The need a UCS is demonstrated the widespread use a*b* diagram despite lack uniformity. This article describes development formulas, with same basic structure DIN99 formula, that predict sets do CMC CIE94 only slightly worse...

Abstract Most of the colour‐difference formulae were developed to fit data sets having a limited range magnitudes. Hence, their performances are uncertain when applying them colour differences from very small large differences. This article describes an experiment including three parts according magnitudes: difference (LCD), (SCD), and threshold (TCD) corresponding mean ΔE values 50.3, 3.5, 0.6, respectively. Three visual assessment techniques used: ratio judgement, pair comparison, for LCD,...

The standardized residual sum of squares index was proposed to examine the significant merit a given color-difference formula over another with respect set visual data [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 1823-1829, 2007]. This can also be employed determine intra- and inter-observer variability, although full complexity this variability cannot described by just one number. Appropriate utilization for assessment observer is view encourage its use in future research. main goal paper demonstrate that...

Abstract A new colour rendering index, CRI‐CAM02UCS, is proposed. It predicts visual results more accurately than the CIE CIR‐R a . includes two components necessary for predicting in one metric: chromatic adaptation transform and uniform space based on recommended appearance model, CIECAM02. The index gave same ranks as those of CIE‐R six lamps tested regardless sample sets used. was also found that methods size gamut did not agree with test‐sample method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col...

The CIELAB lightness and chroma values of pixels in five the eight ISO SCID natural images were modified to produce sample images. Pairs displayed on a calibrated monitor assessed by panel 12 observers with normal color vision using categorical judgment method. experimental results showed that assuming parametric factor kL=1 predict differences images, performed better than CIEDE2000, CIE94, or CMC, which is different result one found color-difference literature for homogeneous pairs....

ABSTRACT A successful strategy employed by RNA viruses to achieve replication is evade host cell RNase degradation. However, the mechanisms through which plus-strand effectively shield viral from cellular ribonuclease degradation remain unclear. In this study, we identified phenomenon whereby viruses, including avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), reticuloendotheliosis (REV), chicken astrovirus (CAstV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PEDV), hijacked Musashi homolog 1 (MSI1). These...

The performances of uniform color spaces and color-difference formulae for predicting threshold differences were investigated based on visual assessments 893 pairs printed patches under a D65 source. average ΔE(ab,10)* the was 1.1 units. A psychophysical experiment repeated three times by panel 16 observers with normal vision. experimental data used to evaluate nine using standardized residual sum squares (STRESS) measure. results indicated that all performed very similarly each other,...

Color-difference formulas modified by power functions provide results in better agreement with visually perceived color differences. Each of the color-difference proposed here adds only one relevant parameter to corresponding original formula. Results from 16 visual data sets and 11 indicate that achieve an average decrease 5.7 STRESS (Standardized Residual Sum Squares) units respect formulas, signifying improvement 17.3%. In particular, for these sets, current CIE/ISO recommended formula...

Abstract Data were obtained for the colour appearance of unrelated colours under photopic and mesopic conditions. The effects changes in luminance level stimulus size investigated. method used was magnitude scaling brightness, colourfulness, hue. Two sizes (10° 0.5°) four starting levels (60, 5, 1, 0.1, cd/m 2 ) used. results at 0.1 had large variations, so data two additional (1° 2°) this level. Ten observers judged 50 colours. A total 17,820 estimations made. observations carried out a...

An experimental dataset, WCG , was assembled. The set includes 416 pairs of samples that surround 28 colour centres and covers a wide gamut. data were used to test the performance seven colour-difference models, CIELAB CIEDE2000 CAM16-UCS DIN99d, OSA GP IC T C P J z b . Colour discrimination ellipses also fitted compare uniformity spaces. Different versions models derived improve fit data, including parametric factors, k L power factor. It found optimised CAM16-UCS, significantly...

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) can be safely avoided in women with T1 or T2 primary invasive breast cancer (BC) and one to two metastatic sentinel nodes (SLNs). However, cancellation of ALND based solely on SLN biopsy (SLNB) may lead adverse outcomes. Therefore, preoperative assessment LN tumor burden becomes a new focus for ALN status.This study aimed develop validate nomogram incorporating the radiomics score (rad-score) automated ultrasound system (ABUS) other clinicopathological...

Effect coatings have the unique property of large change appearance under different viewing conditions.This results in quality control problems related products.In this letter, samples metallic panels with effect are visually assessed and measured.Based on experimental results, we propose formulae to predict precisely total differences effective terms variations color, coarseness, glint.Under diffused illumination, difference formula includes color coarseness difference.Under directional...

Objective and automatic clinical discrimination of normal necrotic sites small intestinal tissue remains challenging. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) unsupervised classification techniques were used to distinguish tissues. Small images eight Japanese large-eared white rabbits acquired using a visible near-infrared camera, K-means density peaks (DP) clustering algorithms differentiate between tissue. The three cases in study showed that the average purity DP algorithm reached...

Abstract Three psychophysical experiments were conducted to investigate the colour appearance changes between different sizes under various media or viewing conditions. The results are highly consistent that when increase stimulus size, will appear be lighter and more colourful with little change in hue. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 36, 201–209, 2011;

Abstract A grey‐scale psychophysical experiment was carried out for evaluating colour differences using printed patches. In total, 446 pairs of samples were prepared surrounding 17 centers recommended by the CIE with an average δE 3 units. Each pair assessed 27 times nine observers. The visual results used to test some selected more advanced colour‐difference formulae and uniform spaces. showed that CIELAB OSA performed worst, spaces gave quite satisfactory performance such as CIEDE2000,...

All color-difference formulas are developed to evaluate color differences for pairs of stimuli with hairline separation. In printing applications, however, frequently judged between a pair samples no separation (NS) because they printed adjacently on the same piece paper. A new formula, ΔENS, has been NS. An experiment was conducted investigate effect different magnitudes using sample 1012 NS were prepared around 11 CIE recommended centers. The pairs, representing four 1, 2, 4, and 8 CIELAB...