R, a programming language, is an attractive tool for data visualization because it free and open source. However, learning R can be intimidating cumbersome many. In this report, we introduce package called "smplot" easy elegant visualization. The generates graphs with defaults that are visually pleasing informative. Although requires basic knowledge of ggplot2, significantly simplifies the process plotting bar graph, violin plot, correlation slope chart, Bland-Altman plot raincloud plot....

To investigate how temporal frequency modulates binocular balance in normally sighted and amblyopic adults. Twenty-three controls 13 amblyopes participated this study. The effects of differences monocularly directed attention on were measured using an onset rivalry task with sinusoidally flickering gratings at varying frequencies static monocular attentional cues. For the gratings, different combinations (2, 4, or 10 Hz one eye vs. 2, 3, 6, 10, 15, 20 other) presented. Their then compared,...

Abstract Deprivation of visual information from one eye for a 120-minute period in normal adults results temporary strengthening the patched eye’s contribution to binocular vision. This plasticity ocular dominance has been demonstrated by rivalry as well fusion tasks. Here, we investigate how its dynamics depend on duration monocular deprivation. Using combination task, measure magnitude and recovery change after durations deprivation ranging 15 300 minutes. Surprisingly, our show that are...

Amblyopia (lazy eye) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision with no ocular pathology. The loss in the amblyopic eye assumed to be main deficit amblyopia, which has resulted visual acuity (VA) being primary outcome measure for treatment. Here we used binocular orientation combination task quantitatively assess status by measuring balance. We set out determine whether amblyopes who reach acuity-based end point have residual imbalance. Our results suggest that even regained normal deficits...

Purpose: To assess the role of spatial frequency on binocular imbalance in combination adults with amblyopia. Methods: Ten amblyopes (23 ± 4.9 [SD] years old; one deprivation, two mixed, seven anisometropia patients) and 10 age-matched normal 2.3 old) participated. The interocular contrast ratio (fellow eye/amblyopic eye, i.e., balance point [BP]) that resulted an equal contribution both eyes was measured using a orientation task at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 cycles per degree (c/d). extent quantified as...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand how monocular luminance reduction affects binocular balance and examine whether it differentially influences fusion mixed perception in amblyopia. Methods: Twenty-three normally sighted observers 12 adults with amblyopia participated study. A novel rivalry task used measure the phase duration four perceptual responses (right- left-tilts, fusion, perception) before after a neutral density (ND) filter applied at various levels dominant eye...

An interlude of dark exposure for about 1 week is known to shift excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance the mammalian visual cortex, promoting plasticity and accelerating recovery in animals that have experienced cortical lesions during development. However, translational impact our understanding from animal studies humans remains elusive. Here, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a probe E/I primary cortex (V1) determine effect 60 min exposure, measured binocular combination behavioural...

The Pulfrich effect is a stereo-motion phenomenon. When the two eyes are presented with visual targets moving in fronto-parallel motion at different luminances or contrasts, perception of target moving-in-depth. It thought that this percept motion-in-depth occurs because lower luminance contrast delays speed processing. Spatial properties an image such as spatial frequency and size have also been shown to influence In study, we use paradigm measure interocular delay based on where...

Recent studies indicate that short-term monocular deprivation increases the deprived eye's contribution to binocular fusion in both adults with normal vision and amblyopia. In this study, we investigated whether changes visual plasticity depended on duration of amblyopic adults. Twelve anisometropia observers (aged 24.8 ± 2.3 years) 12 age-matched 23.9 1.2 participated study. The non-dominant eye or was for 30, 120, 300 min a randomized order. Their balance measured phase combination task,...

Abstract Short‐term monocular deprivation (MD) shifts sensory eye balance in favour of the previously deprived eye. The effect MD on is significant but brief adult humans. Recently, researchers and clinicians have attempted to implement clinical settings for adults with impaired binocular vision. Although has been studied detail single‐session protocols, what not known whether deteriorates after repeated periods (termed ‘perceptual deterioration’). An answer this question relevant two...

In psychology and human neuroscience, the practice of creating multiple subplots combining them into a composite plot has become common because nature research more multifaceted sophisticated. last decade, number methods tools for data visualization surged. For example, R, programming language, widely used in part ggplot2, free, open-source, intuitive plotting library. However, despite its strength ubiquity, it some built-in restrictions that are most noticeable when one creates plot, which...

To evaluate whether clinical measures of postoperative binocular functions could predict the long-term stability ocular alignment in children with intermittent exotropia. A retrospective study was performed thirty-nine (median: 7 years) who have been surgically treated from exotropia without overcorrection (less than 10 prism diopters [pd] exodeviation at 1 month postoperatively). Angles deviation and were measured preoperatively month, 6 months, final follow-up visit (≥24 months)...

In the recent decade, studies have shown that short-term monocular deprivation strengthens deprived eye's contribution to binocular vision. However, magnitude of change in eye dominance after (i.e., patching effect) has been found be different between methods and within same method. There are three possible explanations for discrepancy. First, mechanisms underlying effect probed by measurement tasks might exist at neural sites. Second, test–retest variability test can produce inconsistent...

Amblyopia is a visual impairment that perturbs binocular balance at high spatial frequencies in favor of the fellow eye. Studies reveal amblyopes who had been treated with monocular therapies still show imbalance. Binocular achieved when both eyes' inputs are weighed equally. A reduced light can diminish dimmed eye's weight combination. In this study, we examined if across could be improved by reducing luminance eye adult amblyopes. By doing so, relieved their imbalance frequencies. Also,...

Amblyopia is a visual disorder that originates from the brain. It exhibits no pathology in eye. Studies have shown measuring both acuity and binocular balance for assessing amblyopia could be more helpful. However, tests measure are time-consuming, often exceeding 30 min. Their long test durations prevent them being used clinic. For this reason, we developed quick (i.e., about 7 min) precise tool quantitatively measures of patients with amblyopia. The new can capture imbalance typically...

Action video gaming can promote neural plasticity. Short-term monocular patching drives plasticity in the visual system of human adults. For instance, short-term 0.5-5 h briefly enhances patched eye's contribution binocular vision (i.e., ocular dominance plasticity). In this study, we investigate whether action influence adults with normal vision. We measured participants' eye using a phase combination task before and after 2.5 patching. Participants were asked to play games, watch game...

Purpose Recently, Eyetronix Flicker Glass (EFG) has been introduced as a novel treatment for amblyopia. It alternatively deprives the visual input of each eye rapidly (e.g., 7 Hz). However, whether it is comparable with standard patching therapy unclear. In this randomized clinical trial, we evaluate efficacy an EFG amblyopia in children and compare to therapy. Methods We tested 31 (aged 4–13 years) They were assigned into one two groups treated 12 weeks. The first group was 1 h/day (Flicker...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present our investigation the influence reduced monocular luminance on and dichoptic temporal synchrony processing in healthy adults. Methods: Ten adults with normal or corrected visual acuity participated psychophysical study. threshold (experiment 1), 2), binocular 3) viewing configurations obtained from each observer. Four flickering Gaussian dots (one synchronous one asynchronous pair two dots) were displayed, which observers asked identify pair....

The Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) is the measure of an observer’s contrast sensitivity as a function spatial frequency. It sensitive to assess visual in fundamental and clinical settings. Human subserved by different frequency channels. Also, it known that amblyopes have deficits sensitivity, particularly at high frequencies. Therefore, aim this study was whether subtended same channels control amblyopic populations. To determine these channels, we performed exploratory factor analysis...

Purpose: Studies have reported different numbers of spatial frequency channels for chromatic and achromatic vision. To resolve the difference, we performed factor analysis, a multivariate modeling technique, on population data sensitivity. In addition, included resampling visualization methods to evaluate models from analysis. These routines are complex but widely useful. Therefore archived our analysis by building smCSF, an open-source software package in R...

Within the population of humans with otherwise normal vision, there exists some proportion whose ability to perceive depth from binocular disparity is poor or absent. The prevalence this "stereo-anomaly" has been reported be as small 2%, great 30%. We set out investigate discrepancy. used a digital tool measure stereoacuity in tasks requiring either detection discrimination direction disparity. In cohort 228 participants, we found that 98% were able consistently perform task. Of these, only...