Abstract Plant innate immune response to pathogen infection includes an elegant signaling pathway leading reactive oxygen species generation and resulting hypersensitive (HR); localized programmed cell death in tissue surrounding the initial site limits spread. A veritable symphony of cytosolic molecules (including Ca2+, nitric oxide [NO], cyclic nucleotides, calmodulin) have been suggested as early components HR signaling. However, specific interactions among these secondary messengers...

Angelman syndrome (AS) and Prader–Willi (PWS) are neurodevelopmental disorders of genomic imprinting. AS results from loss function the ubiquitin protein ligase E3A ( UBE3A ) gene, whereas genetic defect in PWS is unknown. Although induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide invaluable models human disease, nuclear reprogramming could limit usefulness iPSCs patients who have should imprint marks be disturbed by epigenetic process. Our derived with show no evidence DNA methylation erasure...

myo -Inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP 6 ) is the most abundant inositol phosphate in cells, yet it remains enigmatic of this class signaling molecule. InsP plays a role processes by which drought stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces stomatal closure, conserving water and ensuring plant survival. Previous work has shown that levels guard cells are elevated response to ABA, inactivates plasma membrane inward K + conductance ( I K,in cytosolic calcium-dependent manner. The use...

( RS )-2- cis , 4- trans -abscisic acid (ABA), a naturally occurring plant stress hormone, elicited rapid agonist-specific changes in myo -inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP 6 ) measured intact guard cells of Solanum tuberosum n = 5); these were not reproduced by acid, an inactive stereoisomer ABA 4). The electrophysiological effects InsP assessed on both S. 14) and Vicia faba 6) cell protoplasts. In species, submicromolar concentrations delivered through the patch electrode, mimicked...

The human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells are commonly used as host for the heterologous expression of membrane proteins not least because they have a high transfection efficiency and faithfully translate process proteins. In addition, their cell size, morphology division rate, low native channels traits that particularly attractive current-voltage measurements. Nevertheless, complex such receptors ion biological characterization in particular single-cell applications electrophysiology...

Melatonin is known to promote sleep, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using CBA/CaJ mice, a strain capable of melatonin synthesis, we explored the roles BK channel (Slo1) and receptor MT1 in regulating sleep behavior action potentials suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Global knockout Slo1 or reduced REM NREM increased wakefulness, broadened while abolishing afterhyperpolarization SCN neurons. These effects were primarily exclusively observed during subjective...

The ability of dendritic spines to change size and shape rapidly is critical in modulating synaptic strength; these morphological changes are dependent upon rearrangements the actin cytoskeleton. Kalirin-7 (Kal7), a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor localized postsynaptic density (PSD), modulates spine morphology vitro vivo . Kal7 activates Rac interacts with several PSD proteins, including PSD-95, DISC-1, AF-6, Arf6. Mice genetically lacking (Kal7 KO ) exhibit deficient hippocampal...

The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent regulator of inhibitory synaptic transmission, although the locus this effect and underlying mechanisms are controversial. We explored potential interaction between BDNF endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) signaling because activation type 1 (CB1) receptors potently regulates γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release both trkB tyrosine kinase CB1 highly expressed at synapses in neocortical layer 2/3. Here, we found that...

Potassium (K+) is the most abundant cation in plants, and its uptake transport are key to growth, development responses environment. Here we report that Arabidopsis thaliana K+ permease 5 (AtKUP5) contains an adenylate cyclase (AC) catalytic centre embedded N-terminal cytosolic domain. The purified recombinant AC domain generates cAMP vitro; when expressed Escherichia coli, increases levels vivo. Both full length AtKUP5 rescue AC-deficient E. coli mutant, cyaA, together these data provide...

Epidermal-cell protoplasts from rye (Secale cereale L.) roots were voltage-clamped in both the whole-cell and outside-out membrane-patch modes. Time-dependent inwardly-rectified (IR) outwardly-rectified (OR) K+-currents recorded, as well a ubiquitous, timeindependent (instantaneous) K+-current. The IR current activated at voltages more negative than —100mV with two exponentially rising components. time-constant of shorter component was voltage-independent, whereas longer voltage-dependent,...

Abstract Background Dendritic spines represent the postsynaptic component of vast majority excitatory synapses present in mammalian forebrain. The ability to rapidly alter their shape, size, number and receptor content response stimulation is considered be paramount importance during development synaptic plasticity. Indeed, long-term potentiation (LTP), widely believed a cellular correlate learning memory, has been repeatedly shown induce both spine enlargement formation new dendritic...

Duplication of the maternal chromosome 15q11.2-q13.1 region causes Dup15q syndrome, a highly penetrant neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe autism and refractory seizures. Although UBE3A, gene encoding ubiquitin ligase E3A, is thought to be main driver disease phenotypes, cellular molecular mechanisms that contribute development syndrome are yet determined. We previously established necessity UBE3A overexpression for phenotypes in human neurons, including increased action...

In layer 2/3 of neocortex, brief trains action potentials in pyramidal neurons (PNs) induce the mobilization endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), resulting a depression GABA release from terminals inhibitory interneurons (INs). This depolarization-induced suppression inhibition (DSI) is mediated by activation type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) on presynaptic subset INs. However, it not clear whether CB1 receptors are also expressed at synapses between INs, and INs can eCBs response to...

Intron retention in transcripts and the presence of 5' 3' splice sites within these introns mediate alternate splicing, which is widely observed animals plants. Here, functional characterisation K(+) transporter, HvHKT2;1, with stably retained from barley (Hordeum vulgare) yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), transcript profiling transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) presented. Expression intron-retaining HvHKT2;1 cDNA (HvHKT2;1-i) trk1, trk2 strain defective uptake restored growth medium...

Hyperpolarization-activated calcium channels (HACCs) are found in the plasma membrane and tonoplast of many plant cell types, where they have an important role Ca2+-dependent signalling. The unusual gating properties HACCs plants, i.e., activation by hyperpolarization rather than depolarization, dictates that normally open physiological hyperpolarized resting potential state (the so-called pump or P-state); thus, if not regulated, would continuously leak Ca2+ into cells. permeable to Ca2+,...

It is widely accepted that exogenous cannabinoids can impair short-term memory and cognition in humans other animals. This likely related to the inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP), a form synaptic plasticity, by global sustained activation CB1 cannabinoid receptors presence agonists. Conversely, temporally spatially restricted release endogenous (eCB) ligands may enhance plasticity synapse-specific manner. We examined role eCB signaling LTP recording field excitatory postsynaptic...

Control of urinary continence is predicated on sensory signaling about bladder volume. Bladder nerve activity dependent tension, implicating autonomic control over detrusor myocyte during filling. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels are known contributors to control, but their mechanism action not well understood. The lack a definitive identification cell type(s) expressing HCN in the presents significant knowledge gap. We recently reported complete...

Abstract While soil salinity is a global problem, how salt enters plant root cells from the solution remains underexplored. Non‐selective cation channels (NSCCs) are suggested to be major pathway for entry of sodium ions (Na + ), yet their genetic constituents remain unknown. Yeast PQ loop (PQL) proteins were previously proposed encode NSCCs, but role PQLs in plants The hypothesis tested this research that PQL constitute NSCCs mediating some Na influx into root, contributing ion accumulation...