The authors evaluated the effect of air pollution on occurrence birth defects ascertained by California Birth Defects Monitoring Program in neonates and fetuses delivered southern 1987–1993. By using measurements from ambient monitoring stations carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter <10 μm aerodynamic diameter, they calculated average monthly exposure estimates for each pregnancy. Conventional, polytomous, hierarchical logistic regression was used to estimate odds...

With a case-control study, we investigated whether periconceptional intake of supplemental or dietary folate reduced the risk having neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancy. Mothers 549 (88% eligible) cases and 540 (88%) controls were interviewed in person about vitamin supplements used either 3 months before after conception also usual diet conception. Women with any use folic acid-containing had lower an NTD-affected pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) = 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI)...

Abstract To assess effects of periconceptional multivitamin and folic‐acid supplementation on recurrence cleft lip with or without palate (CL±P), we prospectively evaluated 221 pregnancies in women at risk a child CL±P. The 10‐step protocol included SPOFAVIT (A, B1, B2, B6, C, D3, E, nicotinamide, calcium pantothenicum) folic acid (10 mg/day), beginning ≥2 months before planned conception continuing for ≥3 thereafter. A comparison group comprised 1,901 CL±P, who received no gave birth within...

We studied a large data set from three registries of congenital malformations (central-east France, Sweden, and California), total 954 cases, known chromosome anomalies excluded. The prevalence at birth varied significantly between programmes, probably to extent because different ascertainment inclusion criteria, 0.76 per 10,000 births in the French programme 2.35 Swedish. Within California programme, there is racial variability with lower values among whites (and blacks) than Hispanics...

The California Birth Defects Monitoring Program maintains a population-based birth defects registry of structural congenital malformations, monitoring over 600,000 resident births annually. Cases are actively ascertained from hospitals and genetic centres throughout selected facilities in adjacent states. Field staff identify presumptive cases careful review medical records. Diagnostic demographic information is collected in-patient centre charts for children diagnosed with major...

To present epidemiologic data on the relatively rare malformation choanal atresia, based a large collection of material and with special stress significance so-called CHARGE (coloboma, heart defect, retarded growth development, genital anomaly, ear defect deafness) association.Data from three registries congenital malformations were used. Based more than 5 million births, 444 infants atresia identified.The average rate is 0.82 per 10,000 varies among programs. There no statistically...

Källén B (Tornblad Institute, Biskopsgatan 7, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden), Robert E and Harris J. The descriptive epidemiology of anophthalmia microphthalmia. International Journal Epidemiology 1996; 25: 1009–1016. Anophthalmia microphthalmia are serious eye malformations which recently have been associated with exposure to Benomyl. Data on these scarce in the literature reported prevalences at birth vary strongly. from three large registers congenital were analysed comprised 849 malformed...

Apert syndrome was studied to determine birth prevalence, mutation rate, sex ratio, parents' age, and ethnicity among 2,493,331 live births registered in the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program (CBDMP) from 1983 through 1993; 31 affected infants were identified. The sample completed with an additional 22 cases Center for Craniofacial Anomalies (CCA), University of California, San Francisco, a total 53 children. calculated CBDMP subsample, 12.4 per million (confidence interval [CI]...

Abstract BACKGROUND Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect of unknown etiology. The aims the current report were to extend literature on descriptive epidemiology CDH and determine whether its mortality rate decreased in California during study period. METHODS Using data from large population‐based registry, we ascertained 631 cases 1989 1997. We also classified as isolated or nonisolated based presence type major accompanying malformations. Approximately 2.5 million...

A study has been made on certain epidemiological characteristics of infants with alimentary tract atresia: esophageal atresia, small and large gut anal atresia. Data were collected from three malformation registries represent a material more than 4.5 million births. total 3,550 atresia identified corresponding to rate about 8 per 10,000 In 167 (4.7%) one the major types present simultaneously. Racial differences found (based data California) for where whites had higher other races. For...

Abstract BACKGROUND There is a paucity of epidemiologic information about the external ear malformations anotia and microtia. METHODS Using data from large population‐based registry, we explored prevalences maternal/infant characteristics associated with Data were derived California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, active surveillance system for collecting on infants fetuses congenital using multiple source ascertainment. Approximately 2.5 million births (live‐born stillborn) occurred...

An ;in-vitro' technique is described for measuring quantitatively the absorption and secretion of water electrolytes, short circuiting current, simultaneous bidirectional flux rates ions across healthy diseased colonic mucosa. The results show that normal colon absorbs both sodium secretes potassium. In ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease there a reversal potassium increased.A measure under conditions zero potential has allowed us to use Ussing equation analyse some factors involved in transport

The net transport and unidirectional fluxes of water, sodium, potassium were studied in four subjects with diffuse untreated proctocolitis, by perfusing the colon isotopically-labelled solution instilled through a tube introduced mouth. results compared to those obtained 13 healthy subjects. In proctocolitis colonic absorption sodium water was impaired secretion increased. movement electrolytes across mucosa into lumen increased opposite direction reduced. close correlation between...

Sedation and monitoring practice during colonoscopy varies between centers over time. Knowledge of current is needed to ensure quality care help focus future research. The objective this study was examine sedation in endoscopy internationally.This observational included consecutive patients referred for at 21 11 countries. Endoscopists reported practice, using a standard questionnaire each patient.6004 were study, whom 53 % received conscious/moderate colonoscopy, 30 deep sedation, 17 no...

This study reports on an epidemiological investigation of gastroschisis using birth certificate data from California for the period 1968-1977. Gastroschisis has been reported to be increase in a number countries. The distribution 166 cases during this time indicated clear upward secular trend (P less than .001) with rate per 1,000 increasing .006 1968 .089 by 1977. was observed every maternal age group and gravidity level 1. also occurred more frequently among younger mothers low .001)....