Summary Bacteria are often thought of as having two dormant phenotypes: the viable but non‐culturable (VBNC) state and persister state. Here we investigate relatedness stress‐induced phenotypes at single‐cell level examine cell morphology quantify resuscitation. Using classic starvation conditions to create VBNC cells, found that majority remaining Escherichia coli population spherical, have empty cytosol fail resuscitate; however, some spherical cells resuscitate immediately (most probably...

Summary Persister cells are a multi‐drug tolerant subpopulation of bacteria that contribute to chronic and recalcitrant clinical infections such as cystic fibrosis tuberculosis. Persisters metabolically dormant, so they highly all traditional antibiotics which mainly effective against actively growing cells. Here, we show the FDA ‐approved anti‐cancer drug mitomycin C ( MMC ) eradicates persister through growth‐independent mechanism. is passively transported bioreductively activated, leading...

To understand the evolutionary events and possible selection mechanisms involved in emergence of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae , we analyzed diverse strains V. isolated from environmental waters Bangladesh by direct enrichment intestines adult rabbits conventional laboratory culture. Strains culture were mostly (99.2%) negative for major virulence gene clusters encoding toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) cholera toxin (CT) nonpathogenic animal models. In contrast, all selected competent colonizing...

Most bacterial cells are stressed, and as a result, some become tolerant to antibiotics by entering dormant state known persistence. The key intracellular metabolite that has been linked this persister is guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), the alarmone was first nutrient stress. In Escherichia coli, ppGpp redirects protein production during stress interacting with RNA polymerase directly inhibiting several proteins. Consistently, increased levels of lead persistence; but, mechanism which...

ABSTRACT For all bacteria, nearly every antimicrobial fails since a subpopulation of the bacteria enter dormant state known as persistence, in which antimicrobials are rendered ineffective due to lack metabolism. This tolerance antibiotics makes microbial infections leading cause death worldwide and treating chronic infections, including those wounds problematic. Here, we show that FDA‐approved anti‐cancer drug cisplatin [ cis ‐diamminodichloroplatinum(II)], mainly forms intra‐strand DNA...

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a host-adapted oral pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis that successfully survives and persists in the epithelium. Recent studies have positively correlated increased risk severity of squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Intriguingly, presence P. enhances tumorigenic properties independently has therefore been proposed as potential etiological agent for OSCC. However, initial host molecular changes induced by infection which promote predisposition to...

A major challenge facing bacterial intestinal pathogens is competition for nutrient sources with the host microbiota.Vibrio cholerae an pathogen that causes cholera, which affects millions each year; however, our knowledge of its nutritional requirements in milieu limited. In this study, we demonstrated V. can grow efficiently on mucus and component sialic acids a tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic SiaPQM strain, transporter-deficient mutant NC1777, was attenuated colonization using...

Abstract During March and April 2002, a resurgence of Vibrio cholerae O139 occurred in Dhaka adjoining areas Bangladesh with an estimated 30,000 cases cholera. Patients infected strains were much older than those O1 (p<0.001). The reemerged belong to single ribotype corresponding one two ribotypes that caused the initial outbreak 1993. Unlike 1993, recent are susceptible trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, streptomycin but resistant nalidixic acid. new carry copy Calcutta type CTXCalc prophage...

Cholera outbreaks in subSaharan African countries are caused by strains of the El Tor biotype toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1. The is causative agent current seventh cholera pandemic, whereas classical biotype, which was associated with sixth now extinct. Besides other genetic differences CTX prophages encoding toxin two biotypes V. O1 have distinct repressor (rstR) genes. However, recent incidences Mozambique were an strain that, unusually, carries a type (CTX(class)) prophage. We conducted...

Summary Factors that enhance the transmission of pathogens are poorly understood. We show Vibrio cholerae shed in human ‘rice‐water’ stools have a 10‐fold lower oral infectious dose an animal model than vitro grown V. , which may aid during outbreaks. Furthermore, we identify bacterial factor contributing to this enhanced infectivity: The achievement transient motile but chemotaxis‐defective state upon shedding from humans. Rice‐water stool reduced levels CheW‐1, is essential for chemotaxis,...

To develop an effective multiplex PCR for simultaneous and rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae, vulnificus parahaemolyticus, the three most important species that can cause devastating health hazards among human.Species-specific primers were designed based on toxR gene V. cholerae vvhA vulnificus. The was validated with 488 strains including 322 12 vulnificus, 82 20 other 17 bacterial associated human diseases. It could detect target bacteria without any ambiguity even closely related...

The use of natural compounds as inhibitory agents for virulence factor production is a new approach to overcome increased antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we examined whether red chilli (Capsicum annuum) contains any such compound(s) that can repress the cholera toxin (CT) Vibrio cholerae. We found methanol extract could inhibit CT recently emerged V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains without affecting their viability. Interestingly, capsaicin, well-studied...

Shrimp diseases are frequently reported to be caused by closely related vibrios, and in many cases they tentatively but inaccurately identified as Vibrio harveyi vibrios. In the present study, 28 biochemically V. harveyi-related strains isolated from diseased shrimps were randomly selected for further characterization molecular tools. Twenty-six campbellii two sequence analysis of 16S rRNA uridylate kinase genes. Haemolysin-gene-based species-specific multiplex PCR also confirmed these...

ABSTRACT Cholix toxin (ChxA) is a recently discovered exotoxin in Vibrio cholerae which has been characterized as third member of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins, addition to A Pseudomonas aeruginosa and diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae . These toxins consist three characteristic domains for receptor binding, translocation, catalysis. However, there little information about prevalence chxA its genetic variations pathogenic mechanisms. In this...

We have previously shown that a homologue of conserved nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase (Ndk) family multifunctional enzymes and secreted molecule in Porphyromonas gingivalis can modulate select host molecular pathways including downregulation reactive-oxygen-species generation to promote bacterial survival human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). In this study, we describe novel kinase function for effector, P. gingivalis-Ndk, abrogating cell death by phosphorylating heat-shock protein 27...

To develop a haemolysin (hly) gene-based species-specific multiplex PCR for simple and rapid detection of Vibrio campbellii, V. harveyi parahaemolyticus.The complete hly genes three campbellii strains isolated from diseased shrimps were sequenced primers designed based on these sequences the registered gene parahaemolyticus. Specificity sensitivity was validated with 27 16 harveyi, 69 parahaemolyticus, 18 other species, one Photobacterium damselae nine bacterial species. The limits all...

Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis are fastidious oral pathogens etiological agents associated with chronic periodontitis. Although previous studies showed increased levels of the two obligate anaerobic species in periodontitis patients, methodologies for this knowledge were primarily limited to sampling subgingival plaque, saliva, or gingival crevicular fluid. To evaluate extent which P. F. may invade periodontal tissues, an situ cross-sectional study was comparatively conducted...

, a bacterium associated with periodontal disease, is suspected cause of Alzheimer's disease. This reliant on gingipain proteases, which cleave host proteins after arginine and lysine residues. To characterize susceptibility, we performed enrichment analyses proportion proteome-wide. Genes differentially expressed in brain samples detected

Clinical studies have shown that periodontitis is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, it remains unclear if contributes to the progression of NAFLD. In this study, we generated a mouse model high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) and NAFLD oral P. gingivalis inoculation-induced periodontitis. Results showed presence increased insulin resistance hepatic inflammation exacerbated To determine role sphingolipid metabolism in association between...

Bacteriophage genomes found in a range of bacterial pathogens encode diverse array virulence factors ranging from superantigens or pore forming lysins to numerous exotoxins. Recent studies have uncovered an entirely new class factors, called effector proteins toxins, which are encoded within phage that reside among several pathovars Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. These multiple domains resulting can be multifunctional. The translocated directly the cytosol into their eukaryotic...

ABSTRACT The major virulence factors of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae are cholera toxin (CT), which is encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage (CTXΦ), and toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), an essential colonization factor also the receptor for CTXΦ. genes biosynthesis TCP part larger genetic element known as pathogenicity island. To assess their pathogenic potential, we analyzed environmental strains V. carrying variants island infant mice, susceptibility to CTXΦ, diarrheagenicity in adult rabbits....

KSF-1phi, a novel filamentous phage of Vibrio cholerae, supports morphogenesis the RS1 satellite by heterologous DNA packaging and facilitates horizontal gene transfer. We analyzed genomic sequence, morphology, receptor for KSF-1phi infection, as well its phylogenetic relationships with other vibriophages. While strains carrying mshA encoding mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) type IV pilus were susceptible to naturally occurring MSHA-negative an deletion mutant resistant. Furthermore,...