Leaf primordia initiate from the shoot apical meristem with inherent polarity; adaxial side faces meristem, while abaxial away meristem. Adaxial/abaxial polarity is thought to be necessary for laminar growth of leaves, as mutants lacking either or cell types often develop radially symmetric lateral organs. The milkweed pod1 (mwp1) mutant maize (Zea mays) has adaxialized sectors in sheath, proximal part leaf. Ectopic leaf flaps where and juxtapose. expression HD-ZIPIII gene rolled leaf1...

Highlights•Mitotic spindles orient parallel to the tissue plane in C. elegans germ line•Spindle orientation is set up prophase and actively maintained through anaphase•Proper spindle depends upon LIN-5/NuMA dynein•Interphase centrosome position cortical dynamics predict orientationSummaryMitotic contributes organization shape by setting cell division plane. How coupled diverse architectures incompletely understood. The gonad a tube-shaped organ with cells forming circumferential monolayer...

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a conserved mitotic regulator that preserves genome stability by monitoring kinetochore–microtubule attachments and blocking anaphase onset until chromosome biorientation achieved. Despite its central role in maintaining fidelity, the ability of SAC to delay exit presence attachment defects (SAC “strength”) appears vary widely. How different cellular aspects drive this variation remains largely unknown. Here we show strength correlated with cell fate...

Abstract To maintain tissue homeostasis, some organs are able to replace dying cells with additional proliferation of surviving cells. Such can be localized (e.g., a regeneration blastema) or diffuse (compensatory growth). The relationship between such growth and the that occurs during development has not been characterized in detail. Drosophila melanogaster larval imaginal discs recover from extensive damage, producing normally sized adult organs. Here we describe system using genetic...

Abstract Stem and progenitor cell mitosis is essential for tissue development homeostasis. How these cells ensure proper chromosome segregation, thereby maintain mitotic fidelity, in the complex physiological environment of a living animal poorly understood. Here we use situ live-cell imaging C. elegans germline stem (GSPCs) to ask how signaling influences vivo . Through candidate screen identify new role insulin/IGF receptor (IGFR), daf-2, during GSPC mitosis. Mitosis delayed daf-2/ IGFR...

Stem and progenitor cell mitosis is essential for tissue development homeostasis. How these cells ensure proper chromosome segregation, thereby maintain mitotic fidelity, in the complex physiological environment of a living animal poorly understood. Here we use situ live-cell imaging C . elegans germline stem (GSPCs) to ask how signaling influences vivo Through candidate screen identify new role insulin/IGF receptor (IGFR), daf-2 , during GSPC mitosis. Mitosis delayed daf-2/ IGFR mutants,...

The process of apoptosis in epithelia involves activation caspases, delamination cells, and degradation cellular components. Corpses debris are then rapidly cleared from the tissue by phagocytic blood cells. In studies Drosophila TNF, Eiger (Egr) cell death wing imaginal discs, epithelial primordia fly wings, we noticed that dying cells appeared to transiently accumulate egr3 mutant raising possibility their engulfment hemocytes was impaired. Further investigation revealed lymph glands...

Investigating the complex interactions between stem cells and their native environment requires an efficient means to image them in situ. Caenorhabditis elegans germline (GSCs) are distinctly accessible for intravital imaging; however, long-term acquisition analysis of dividing GSCs can be technically challenging. Here we present a systematic investigation into technical factors impacting GSC physiology during live imaging provide optimized method monitoring mitosis under minimally...

Model organisms offer the opportunity to decipher dynamic and complex behavior of stem cells in their native environment; however, imaging situ remains technically challenging. C. elegans germline (GSCs) are distinctly accessible for live but relatively few studies have taken advantage this potential. Here we provide our protocol mounting dividing GSCs, as well analysis tools facilitate processing large datasets. While present was optimized analyzing mitotic it can easily be adapted...

Abstract Mitotic spindle orientation sets the cell division plane and is thus critical for maintaining tissue organization. The C. elegans gonad tube-shaped, with germ cells forming a circumferential monolayer around shared inner core of cytoplasm called rachis. Each connected to rachis via stable cytoplasmic bridge, polarizing along their rachis-basal axis. How this organization maintained during development unclear, as lack canonical cell-cell junctions that, in other types, ensure proper...

Abstract The process of apoptosis in epithelia involves activation caspases, delamination cells, and degradation cellular components. Corpses debris are then rapidly cleared from the tissue by phagocytic blood cells. In studies Drosophila TNF, Eiger (Egr) cell death wing imaginal discs, epithelial primordia fly wings, we noticed that dying cells persisted longer egr 3 mutant discs than wild type raising possibility their engulfment hemocytes was impaired. Further investigation revealed lymph...

Abstract The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a conserved mitotic regulator that preserves genome stability. Despite its central role in preserving the fidelity of mitosis, strength SAC varies widely between cell types. How adapted to different cellular contexts remains largely unknown. Here we show both size and fate impact strength. While smaller cells have stronger SAC, with germline increased activity relative their somatic counterparts across all sizes. We find enhanced blastomere P...

Abstract Investigating the complex interactions between stem cells and their native environment requires an efficient means to image them in situ . Caenorhabditis elegans germline (GSCs) are distinctly accessible for intravital imaging; however, long-term acquisition analysis of dividing GSCs can be technically challenging. Here we present a systematic investigation into technical factors impacting GSC physiology during live imaging provide optimized method monitoring mitosis under minimally...