Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into neural progenitor (NPC) under proper conditions. NPC be used as a model and is useful tool for disease mechanism exploration drug screening. However, the characteristics of in various stages from to functional neurons have not been fully described. This study investigated iPSC-derived NPCs during differentiation. Morphological NPCs, including soma area, neurite length, number branches, were examined on selected differentiation...

Abstract To design potentially more effective therapies, we need to further understand the mechanisms underlying epilepsy. Here, uncover role of Rev-erbα in circadian regulation epileptic seizures. We first show up-regulation REV-ERBα/Rev-erbα brain tissues from patients with epilepsy and a mouse model. Ablation or pharmacological modulation mice decreases susceptibility acute chronic seizures, abolishes diurnal rhythmicity seizure severity, whereas activation increases animal...

Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with loss of interneurons and inhibitory dysfunction in the dentate gyrus. While status epilepticus (SE) leads to changes granule cell inhibition, whether basket cells critical for regulating feedforward feedback inhibition express tonic GABA currents ( I ) undergo after SE not known. We find that immunoreactive parvalbumin hilar-subgranular region A receptor (GABA R) δ-subunits, which are known underlie . Dentate fast-spiking (FS-BCs) demonstrate...

Autistic spectral disorder (ASD) is one prevalent neurodevelopmental disease that affects multiple brain regions. Both clinical and animal studies are revealing the possible involvement of cerebellum in ASD pathology. In this study, we generated a rodent model by single prenatal administration valproic acid (VPA) into pregnant mice, followed cerebellar morphological functional on offspring. Behavioral showed VPA exposure led to retardation critical motor reflexes juveniles, impaired learning...

Background Zingiber officinale Roscoe has been shown to possess analgesic properties. Zingerone (ZO), a bioactive compound derived from Roscoe, exhibits range of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-apoptotic activities. However, the properties zingerone remain unclear. Methods Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was administered left hind paw C57BL/6 mice induce model inflammatory pain. The effects were assessed using Von Frey...

Neuronal spike encoding and synaptic transmission in the brain need be precise reliable for well-organized behavior cognition. Little is known about how a unitary synapse reliably transmits presynaptic sequential spikes multiple synapses precisely drive their postsynaptic neurons to encode spikes. To address these questions, we investigated dynamics of glutamatergic as well role driving cortical fast-spiking neurons. Synaptic patterns randomly fluctuate among facilitation, depression...

SHANK3 mutations, including de novo deletions, have been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, the effects of loss function on neurodevelopment remain poorly understood. Here we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in vitro, followed by neuro-differentiation and lentivirus-mediated shRNA expression to evaluate how knockdown affects vitro neurodevelopmental process at multiple time points (up 4 weeks). We found that impaired both early stage neuronal...

Background The neurons and synapses work coordinately to program the brain codes of controlling cognition behaviors. Spike patterns at presynaptic regulate synaptic transmission. quantitative regulations synapse dynamics in spike encoding postsynaptic remain unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings With dual whole-cell recordings synapse-paired cells mouse cortical slices, we have investigated regulation neuronal cerebral circuits assembled by pyramidal GABAergic ones. Our studies unitary...

Background Action potentials are the essential unit of neuronal encoding. Somatic sequential spikes in central nervous system appear various amplitudes. To be effective codes, these should propagated to axonal terminals where they activate synapses and drive postsynaptic neurons. It remains unclear whether codes based on spike timing orders and/or Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated this fundamental issue by simultaneously recording axon versus soma identical neurons presynaptic...

Action potentials at the neurons and graded signals synapses are primary codes in brain. In terms of their functional interaction, studies were focused on influence presynaptic spike patterns synaptic activities. How synapse dynamics quantitatively regulates encoding postsynaptic digital spikes remains unclear. We investigated this question unitary glutamatergic cortical GABAergic neurons, especially quantitative influences release probability neuronal encoding. Glutamate strength...

Strong perisomatic inhibition by fast-spiking basket cells (FS-BCs) regulates dentate throughput. Homotypic FS-BC interconnections that support gamma oscillations, and heterotypic inputs from diverse groups of interneurons receive extensive neurochemical regulation, together, shape activity patterns. However, whether seizures precipitate functional changes in inhibitory networks contribute to abnormal network epilepsy is not known. In the first recordings interneuronal pairs a model temporal...

Activity of the dentate gyrus, which gates information flow to hippocampus, is under tight inhibitory regulation by interneurons with distinctive axonal projections, intrinsic and synaptic characteristics neurochemical identities. Total molecular layer cells (TML-Cs), a class morphologically distinct GABAergic neurons projections across layer, are among most frequent interneuronal type in subgranular region. However, little known about their properties. We demonstrate that synapses from...

Epilepsy frequently leads to cognitive dysfunction and approaches treatment remain limited. Although regular exercise effectively improves learning memory functions across multiple neurological diseases, its application in patients with epilepsy remains controversial. Here, we adopted a 14-day treadmill-exercise paradigm pilocarpine injection-induced mouse model of epilepsy. Cognitive assays confirmed the improvement object spatial after endurance training, electrophysiological studies...

Gamma frequency oscillations have been proposed to contribute memory formation and retrieval. Fast-spiking basket cells (FS-BCs) are known underlie development of gamma oscillations. Fast, high amplitude GABA synapses gap junctions suggested in FS-BC networks. Recently, we identified that, apart from GABAergic synapses, FS-BCs the hippocampal dentate gyrus currents mediated by extrasynaptic receptors. Our experimental studies demonstrated two specific changes following seizures [Yu et al.,...

Additive color mixing modulated by digital pulses enables universal applications in lights and displays. Conventional methods map binarized signals to ordinary red–green–blue spaces, loosely connected with the perception of human eyes, causing complexity gamut mapping inaccuracy chromatic manipulations. Here we developed a complete theory that encodes decodes directly perceptually nonuniform space commission internationale de l’éclairage, featuring strict bijection between duty cycles each...

Abstract Acquired epilepsies, characterized by abnormal increase in hypersynchronous network activity, can be precipitated various factors including brain injuries which cause neuronal loss and increases excitability. Electrical coupling between neurons, mediated gap junctions, has been shown to enhance synchronous activity promote excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Consequently, junctional proposed contribute development of epilepsy. Parvalbumin expressing interneurons (PV-INs), noted for their...

Limited by the tiny structure of axons, effects these axonal hyperpolarizing inputs on neuronal activity have not been directly elucidated. Here, we imitated processes simultaneously recording activities somas and proximal axons cortical pyramidal neurons. We found that spikes subthreshold potentials propagate between with high fidelity. Furthermore, inhibitory opposite according to their temporal integration upstream signals. Concurrent somatic depolarization, decrease excitability impede...

Acquired temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and hippocampal inhibitory neuron dysfunction is often refractory to current therapies. Gap junctional or electrical coupling between neurons has been proposed facilitate network synchrony intercellular molecular exchange suggesting a role in both neurodegeneration. While gap junction blockers can limit acute seizures, whether blocking neuronal junctions modify development of chronic not examined....