The concurrent pressures of rising global temperatures, rates and incidence species decline, emergence infectious diseases represent an unprecedented planetary crisis. Intergovernmental reports have drawn focus to the escalating climate biodiversity crises connections between them, but interactions among all three been largely overlooked. Non-linearities dampening reinforcing make considering interconnections essential anticipating challenges. In this Review, we define exemplify causal...

Host-parasite systems have intricately coupled life cycles, but each interactor can respond differently to changes in environmental variables like temperature. Although vital predicting how parasitism will climate change, thermal responses of both host and parasite key traits affecting infection dynamics rarely been quantified. Through temperature-controlled experiments on an ectothermic host-parasite system, we demonstrate offset the optima for survival infected uninfected hosts production....

Abstract. Nitrite (NO2−) is a substrate for both oxidative and reductive microbial metabolism. NO2− accumulates at the base of euphotic zone in oxygenated, stratified open-ocean water columns, forming feature known as primary nitrite maximum (PNM). Potential pathways production include oxidation ammonia (NH3) by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria archaea well assimilatory nitrate (NO3−) reduction phytoplankton heterotrophic bacteria. Measurements NH3 NO3− to were conducted two stations central...

Illuminating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasites is one most pressing issues facing modern science, critical for basic global economy, human health. Extremely important to this effort are data on disease-causing organisms wild animal hosts (including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, fungi). Here we present an updated version Global Mammal Parasite Database, a database ungulates (artiodactyls perissodactyls), carnivores, primates, make it available...

Abstract Despite its widespread use, the ecological effects of shoreline armoring are poorly synthesized and difficult to generalize across soft sediment environments structure types. We developed a conceptual model that scales predicted shore-parallel based on two axes: engineering purpose (reduce/slow velocities or prevent/stop flow waves currents) hydrodynamic energy (e.g., tides, currents, waves) environments. greater impacts for structures intended stop as opposed slow water with...

The prevalence of disease-driven mass mortality events is increasing, but our understanding spatial variation in their magnitude, timing and triggers are often poorly resolved. Here, we use a novel range-wide dataset comprised 48 810 surveys to quantify how sea star wasting disease affected Pycnopodia helianthoides , the sunflower star, across its range from Baja California, Mexico Aleutian Islands, USA. We found that outbreak occurred more rapidly, killed greater percentage population left...

Species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change. This geographic reshuffling may result novel co-occurrences among species, which could lead unseen biotic interactions, including the exchange of parasites between previously isolated hosts. Identifying potential new host-parasite interactions would improve forecasting disease emergence and inform proactive surveillance. However, accurate predictions future cross-species transmission have been hampered by lack a...

Disease outbreaks in wild populations around the globe can lead to widespread mortality within populations, where recovery of individuals be rare. An example this population is sunflower sea star Pycnopodia helianthioides Northeastern Pacific coast. The species, as well many other have experienced massive events due an unidentified disease called Sea Star Wasting (SSWD). play a key role providing top-down control kelp grazers rocky reefs across This, combined with declines coverage observed...

Disease outbreaks as a driver of wildlife mass mortality events have increased in magnitude and frequency since the 1940s. Remnant populations, composed individuals that survived events, could provide insight into disease dynamics species recovery. The sea star wasting (SSWD) epidemic led to rapid >90% decline sunflower Pycnopodia helianthoides . We surveyed biomass density P. on central British Columbia coast before, during after arrival SSWD by conducting expert diver surveys shallow...

The cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are important marine primary producers. We explored their distributions covariance along a physico-chemical gradient from coastal to open ocean waters in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. An inter-annual pattern was delineated dynamic transition zone where upwelled eastern boundary current mix, two new clades, Eastern Clade (EPC) 1 EPC2, were identified. By applying state-of-the-art phylogenetic analysis tools bar-coded 16S amplicon datasets,...

Temperature can influence mosquito-borne diseases like dengue. These effects are expected to vary geographically and over time in both magnitude direction may interact with other environmental variables, making it difficult anticipate changes response climate change. Here, we investigate global variation temperature–dengue relationship by analyzing published correlations between temperature dengue matching them remotely sensed climatic socioeconomic data. We found that the correlation was...

Abstract Thermal stresses, such as those associated with global warming, have the potential to change strength and even direction of interspecific interactions. On rocky shores, bio‐eroding microbial endoliths infect mussel Mytilus californianus . Infestation by can weaken shell lead mechanical failure death, increased vulnerability predation, damage, etc. However, endolith infestation is loss dark‐colored periostracum, exposing underlying light gray prismatic layer potentially reducing...

Climate change manifests unevenly across space and time produces complex patterns of stress for ecological systems. Species can also show substantial among-population variability in response to environmental their geographic range due evolutionary processes. Explanatory factors or proxies, such as temperature latitude, help parse these sources intraspecific variability; however, overemphasizing latitudinal trends obscure the role local conditions shaping population vulnerability climate...

Disease emergence occurs within the context of ecological communities, and disease driven declines in host populations can lead to complex direct indirect effects. Varying effects a single among multiple susceptible hosts could benefit relatively resistant species. Beginning 2013, an outbreak sea star wasting (SSWD) led population many species along west coast North America. Through field surveys laboratory experiments, we investigated how why relative abundances two co-occurring species,...

Abstract Aim We examined body size scaling relationships for two developmental life stages of parasitic helminths (egg and adult) separately in relationship to latitude (i.e. Bergmann's rule), temperature seasonality. Given that helminth eggs experience environmental conditions more directly, whereas adults live inside infected host individuals, we predict stronger environmentally driven gradients than adults. Location Global. Time period Present day. Major taxa studied Parasitic helminths....

Abstract Small-scale armoring placed near the marsh-upland interface to protect single-family homes is widespread but understudied. Using a nested, spatially blocked sampling design on coast of Georgia, USA, we compared biota and environmental characteristics 60 marshes adjacent either bulkhead, residential backyard with no armoring, or an intact forest. We found that bulkheads were at lower tidal elevations had features typical elevation marsh habitats: high coverage grass Spartina...

Abstract. Nitrite (NO2–) is a substrate for both oxidative and reductive microbial metabolism. NO2– accumulates at the base of euphotic zone in oxygenated, stratified open ocean water columns, forming feature known as primary nitrite maximum (PNM). Potential pathways production include oxidation ammonia (NH3) by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria or archaea assimilatory nitrate (NO3–) reduction phytoplankton heterotrophic bacteria. Measurements NH3 NO3– to were conducted two stations central...

Abstract Ecologists seek to understand and predict how organisms respond multiple interacting biotic abiotic influences, an increasingly difficult task under anthropogenic change. Parasites are one of these influences that pervasive in natural systems frequently interact with other stressors. Because they often have cryptic effects on their host organisms, role the distribution, abundance, composition, dynamics populations, communities, ecosystems is easy overlook. However, studies neglect...

The abundances of free-living species have changed dramatically in recent decades, but little is known about change the abundance parasitic species. We investigated whether populations several parasites shifted over time two shore crab hosts, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and nudus, by comparing prevalence three parasite taxa a historical dataset (1969–1970) to contemporary (2018–2020) for hosts collected from 11 intertidal sites located Oregon, USA, British Columbia, Canada. Our data suggest that...

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of two-patch, two-life stage SI model without recovery from infection, focusing on the dynamics disease spread and host population viability in natural populations. The model, inspired by real-world ecological crises like decline amphibian populations due to chytridiomycosis sea star Sea Star Wasting Disease, aims understand conditions under which sink can present rescue healthier, source population. Mathematical numerical analyses reveal critical...