The integration of an organic electrochemical transistor with human barrier tissue cells provides a novel method for assessing toxicology compounds in vitro. Minute variations paracellular ionic flux induced by toxic are measured real time, unprecedented temporal resolution and extreme sensitivity.

Electrical impedance sensing of biological systems, especially cultured epithelial cell layers, is now a common technique to monitor motion, morphology, and layer/tissue integrity for high throughput toxicology screening. Existing methods measure electrical most often rely on two electrode configuration, where low frequency signals are challenging obtain small devices tissues with resistance, due current. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) conducting polymer-based devices, which...

This work reports the design of a live‐cell monitoring platform based on macroporous scaffold conducting polymer, poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate). The polymer scaffolds support 3D cell cultures due to their biocompatibility and tissue‐like elasticity, which can be manipulated by inclusion biopolymers such as collagen. Integration media perfusion tube inside enables homogenous spreading fluid transport throughout scaffold, ensuring long term viability. also allows for...

Abstract Future drug discovery and toxicology testing could benefit significantly from more predictive multi-parametric readouts in vitro models. Despite the recent advances field of microfluidics, recently organ-on-a-chip technology, there is still a high demand for real-time monitoring systems that can be readily embedded with microfluidics. In addition, essential to improve quality data used inform clinical studies follow. Here we present microfluidic platform integrated in-line...

MXene-based hydrogels have received significant attention due to several promising properties that distinguish them from conventional hydrogels. In this study, it is shown both strain and pH level can be exploited tune the electronic ionic transport in hydrogel (M-hydrogel), which consists of MXene (Ti3 C2 Tx )-polyacrylic acid/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel. particular, applied M-hydrogel changes sheet orientation leads modulation within M-hydrogel, strain-induced surface charge-guided pathway....

Conventional biosensors rely on the diffusion-dominated transport of target analyte to sensor surface. Consequently, they require an incubation step that may take several hours allow for capture molecules by biorecognition sites. This is a primary cause long sample-to-result times. Here, alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET) integrated in organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based accelerate device operation. ACET applied gate electrode functionalized with nanobody-SpyCatcher...

Due to their effective ionic-to-electronic signal conversion and mechanical flexibility, organic neural implants hold considerable promise for biocompatible interfaces. Current approaches are, however, primarily limited passive electrodes due a lack of circuit components realize complex active circuits at the front-end. Here, we introduce p-n electrochemical diode using complementary p- n-type conducting polymer films embedded in 15-μm -diameter vertical stack. Leveraging efficient motion...

Graphical Abstract A planar, conducting-polymer-based transistor for combined optical and electronic monitoring of live cells provides a unique platform the health in vitro. Monitoring MDCK-I epithelial over several days is shown, along with demonstration device toxicology studies, use future drug discovery or diagnostics applications.

High resolution monitoring of cell layer integrity with the OECT was up until now, limited to high resistance, barrier tissue type cells. In this work, sensitivity and versatility device is expanded monitor all adherent types.

Abstract Recent advances in light‐responsive materials enabled the development of devices that can wirelessly activate tissue with light. Here it is shown solution‐processed organic heterojunctions stimulate activity primary neurons at low intensities light via photochemical reactions. The p‐type semiconducting polymer PDCBT and n‐type small molecule ITIC (a non‐fullerene acceptor) are coated on glass supports, forming a p – n junction high photosensitivity. Patch clamp measurements show...

Organic electrochemical transistors have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional 2/3 electrode setups for sensing applications, offering in-situ transduction, amplification, and noise reduction. Several of these devices are designed detect potentiometric-derived signals. However, potentiometric should be performed under open circuit potential conditions, allowing the system reach thermodynamic equilibrium. This criterion is not met by conventional organic transistors, where...

For the majority of biosensors or biomedical devices, immobilization biorecognition element is a critical step for device function. To achieve longer lifetime devices and controllable functionalization, covalent immobilisation techniques are preferred over passive adhesion electrostatic interactions. The rapidly emerging field organic bioelectronics uses conducting polymers (or small molecules) as active materials transduction biological signal to an electronic one. While number have been...

Ion flow across polarized epithelia is a tightly regulated process. Measurement of the transepithelial resistance highly relevant parameter for assessing function or health tissue. Dynamic, electrical measurements ion are preferred as they provide most accurate snapshot effects external stimuli. Enteric pathogens such Salmonella typhimurium known to disrupt in gastrointestinal epithelia. Here, first time, use organic transistors powerful potential alternative front‐line, disposable,...

Conducting polymers (CPs) are increasingly being used to interface with cells for applications in both bioelectronics and tissue engineering. To facilitate this interaction, need adhere grow on the CP surface. Extracellular matrix components usually necessary support or enhance cell attachment growth polymer substrates. Here we show preparation of PEDOT(TOS):gelatin composites as a new biocompatible substrate use Gelatin, derivative extracellular protein collagen, was incorporated into...

Autoclaving, the most widely available sterilization method, is applied to poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) electrophysiology devices. The process does not harm morphology or electrical properties, while it effectively kills E. coli intentionally cultured on This finding paves way widespread introduction of PEDOT:PSS devices clinic. As a service our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by authors. Such...

Abstract Electrochemical polymerization is a versatile method for rapid deposition of conducting polymer (CP) films. The target substrates have, however, been limited to planar, metallic surfaces; hence, the devices that integrate electropolymerized CP films have predominantly passive electrodes. In this work, it shown electrochemical has high degree freedom, which allows growing biofunctionalized in microscale transistor channels. are electrochemically deposited from two monomers, namely,...

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) is the most commonly used conducting polymer in organic bioelectronics. However, electrochemical capacitances exceeding current state-of-the-art are required for enhanced transduction and stimulation of biological signals. The long-term stability films during device operation storage aqueous environments remains a challenge routine applications. In this work, we electrochemically synthesize PEDOT composite...

The tight regulation of the glucose concentration in body is crucial for balanced physiological function. We developed an electrochemical transistor comprising n-type conjugated polymer film contact with a catalytic enzyme sensitive and selective detection bodily fluids. Despite promise these sensors, property that led to such high performance has remained unknown, charge transport being only characteristic under focus. Here, we studied impact chemical structure on surface properties...

Devices based on conducting polymers offer great promise for interfacing with cells. Here, we use vapour phase polymerisation to create a biofunctional composite material of the polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate (PEDOT:TOS) and biologically relevant poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). On addition PEG, electroactivity PEDOT is maintained, conductivity increased, its performance as active in transistor unaffected. Both direct indirect biocompatibility tests prove that PEDOT:TOS...

Alteration in intestinal permeability is the main factor underlying pathogenesis of many diseases affecting gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Characterization molecules targeting restoration barrier integrity therefore vital for development alternative therapies. The yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 [Sb], used to prevent and treat antibiotic-associated infectious functional diarrhea, may have a beneficial effect treatment IBD. We analyzed impact Sb supernatant on tissue...

Oppositely charged polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) were built up in a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly on top of the conducting polymer channel an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), aiming to combine advantages well-established PEMs with high performance electronic transducer. The multilayered film is model system investigate impact biofunctionalization operation OECTs comprising poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as electrically active layer....

ABSTRACT The regulation of cell metabolism is important for function and viability. In the presence toxic compounds or pathogens, can change drastically because excess stress on cell. monitoring key metabolites, such as glucose lactate, provide insight into cellular be used a tool toxicology studies. development enzymatic sensors based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) was demonstrated in this study through immobilization enzymes photocrosslinkable hydrogel, which was, turn,...

Abstract Among the existing two-dimensional materials, MXenes, i.e. transition metal carbides, nitrides and/or carbonitrides, stand out for their excellent electrochemical properties. Due to high charge storage capacity, metal-like conductivity, biocompatibility as well hydrophilicity, Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene-based inks hold great potential scalable production of skin conformable electronics via direct printing methods. Herein, we develop an aqueous MXene ink and inkjet-print films on...