Ecological theory predicts that disease incidence increases with increasing density of host networks, yet evolutionary suggests resistance accordingly. To test the combined effects ecological and forces on host-pathogen systems, we analyzed spatiotemporal dynamics a plant (Plantago lanceolata)-fungal pathogen (Podosphaera plantaginis)relationship for 12 years in over 4000 populations. Disease prevalence at metapopulation level was low, high annual extinction rates balanced by frequent...

Abstract Aim To describe the phylogeographic patterns of black rat, Rattus rattus , from islands in western Indian Ocean where species has been introduced (Madagascar and neighbouring Réunion, Mayotte Grande Comore), comparison with postulated source area (India). Location Western Ocean: India, Arabian Peninsula, East Africa Madagascar, Comore Mayotte. Methods Mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b tRNA D‐loop, 1762 bp) was sequenced for 71 individuals 11 countries Ocean. A partial D‐loop (419 also...

Background Molecular tools may greatly improve our understanding of pathogen evolution and epidemiology but technical constraints have hindered the development genetic resources for parasites compared to free-living organisms. This study aims at developing molecular Podosphaera plantaginis, an obligate fungal Plantago lanceolata. interaction has been intensively studied in Åland archipelago Finland with epidemiological data collected from over 4,000 host populations annually since year 2001....

We investigated the factors mediating selection acting on two MHC class II genes (DQA and DRB) in water vole (Arvicola scherman) natural populations French Jura Mountains. Population genetics showed significant homogeneity allelic frequencies at DQA1 locus as opposed to neutral markers (nine microsatellites), indicating balancing this gene. Moreover, almost exhaustive screening for parasites, including gastrointestinal helminths, brain coccidia antibodies against viruses responsible...

Abstract The sexual stage of pathogens governs recombination patterns and often also provides means surviving the off‐season. Despite its importance for evolutionary potential between‐season epidemiology, systems have not been carefully investigated many important pathogens, what generates variation in successful reproduction remains unexplored. We surveyed sexually produced resting structures (chasmothecia) across 86 natural populations fungal pathogen P odosphaera plantaginis ( A...

Simultaneous infection of a single plant by various pathogen species is increasingly recognized as an important modulator host resistance and driver evolution. Because plants in agro-ecosystems are the target multitude pathogenic microbes, co-infection could be frequent, consequently to consider. This particularly true for rapidly intensifying crops, such rice Africa. study investigated potential interactions between pathogens causing two major diseases Africa: Rice yellow mottle virus...

Local co-circulation of multiple phylogenetic lineages is particularly likely for rapidly evolving pathogens in the current context globalisation. When different co-occur same fields, they may be simultaneously present host plant (i.e. mixed infection), with potentially important consequences disease outcome. This case Burkina Faso rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), which endemic to Africa and a major constraint on production. We aimed decipher distinct RYMV isolates that infect single...

Co-occurrence of multiple diseases and co-infection individual plants by various pathogens have potential epidemiological evolutionary implications. Based on previous information the co-occurrence rice yellow mottle disease (caused virus, RYMV) bacterial leaf streak (BLS, due to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc) in Burkina Faso, experimental evidence interactions between causing these two diseases, we aimed monitor more intensively farmers fields. To this purpose, selected fields...

Assessing the impact of natural enemies plant and animal pathogens on their host's population dynamics is needed to determine role hyperparasites in affecting disease dynamics, potential for use efficient control strategies pathogens. Here, we focus long-term study describing metapopulation an obligate pathogen, powdery mildew (Podosphaera plantaginis) naturally infecting its wild host (Plantago lanceolata) fragmented landscape Åland archipelago (southwest Finland). Regionally, pathogen...

Abstract Studies focusing on geographical genetic patterns of commensal species and human history complement each other provide proxies to trace common colonization events. On Madagascar, the unintentional introduction spread R attus rattus by people may have left a living clue history. In this study, we addressed question characterizing structure natural populations . using both microsatellites mitochondrial sequences, an extensive sampling across island. Such data sets were analysed...

Multiple constraints affect rice yields in West Africa. Among these are viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. We aimed to describe the spatiotemporal patterns of occurrence incidence multiple diseases farmers' fields contrasting growing systems western Burkina Faso. For this purpose, we selected a set three pairs sites, each comprising an irrigated area neighboring rainfed lowland, studied them over four consecutive years. first performed interviews with farmers better characterize...

Crop diseases are responsible for considerable yield losses worldwide and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. To implement efficient disease control measures, detection of the pathogens understanding pathogen spatio-temporal dynamics is crucial requires use molecular tools, especially to distinguish different causing more or less similar symptoms. We report here design a new diagnostic tool able simultaneously detect five bacterial taxa important on rice Africa: (1) Pseudomonas fuscovaginae,...

Abstract Due to their potential applications for food safety, there is a growing interest in rice root-associated microbial communities, but some systems remain understudied. Here, we compare the assemblage of microbiota sampled 19 small farmer's fields from irrigated and rainfed lowlands Burkina Faso, using an amplicon metabarcoding approach 16S rRNA gene (prokaryotes, three plant samples per field) ITS (fungi, one sample field). In addition expected structure by root compartments (root vs...

Rice is of critical significance regarding food security worldwide, including in Africa. Only two viruses impacting rice production Africa have been deeply investigated for decades: the yellow mottle virus ( Solemoviridae) and stripe necrosis Benyviridae). Using viral metagenomics, we aimed at broadening knowledge on interacting communities associated with plants landscapes exploring diversity epidemiological status circulating fields from Burkina Faso. We performed an survey this country...

The black rat (Rattus rattus) is the main reservoir of plague (Yersinia pestis infection) in Madagascar's rural zones. Black rats are highly resistant to within focus (central highland), whereas they susceptible where disease absent (low altitude zone). To better understand wildlife circulation and host evolution response a virulent pathogen, we attempted determine genetic markers associated with resistance this species. purpose, combined population genomics approach an association study,...

Heterogeneities in immune responsiveness may affect key epidemiological parameters and the dynamics of pathogens. The roles immunogenetics these variations remain poorly explored. We analysed influence Major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) genes epigamic traits on response to phytohaemagglutinin males from cyclic populations montane water vole (Arvicola scherman). Besides, we tested relevance lateral scent glands as honest signals male quality. Our results did not corroborate neither...

The genetic diversity of cultivated rice in farmers’ fields remains understudied West Africa despite the importance for food security this region. In study, we genotyped samples from Burkina Faso using C6AIR SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) array (IRRI), including 27 registered cultivars and 50 collected three geographical zones western Faso. Most clustered with indica group, except seven assigned to japonica one admix. All but belonged group. other field sample, which unexpectedly Aus...

Plant-associated bacteria are essential partners in plant health and development. In addition to taking advantage of the rapid advances recently achieved high-throughput sequencing approaches, studies on plant-microbiome interactions require experiments with culturable bacteria. A study rice root microbiome was initiated Burkina Faso. As a follow up, aim present develop collection corresponding root-associated covering maximum diversity, assess diversity obtained isolates based culture...

Plague (Yersinia pestis infection) is a highly virulent rodent disease that persists in many natural ecosystems. The black rat (Rattus rattus) the main host involved plague focus of central highlands Madagascar. Black populations from this area are resistant to plague, whereas those areas which absent (low altitude zones Madagascar) susceptible. Various lines evidence suggest role for Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) resistance. We therefore used MHC region as candidate detecting...

The rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is a model in plant molecular epidemiology, with the reconstruction of historical introduction routes at scale African continent. However, information on patterns viral prevalence and diversity over multiple years local remains scarce, spite potential implications for crop protection. Here, we describe 5-year (2015-9) monitoring RYMV six sites from western Burkina Faso (geographic areas Bama, Banzon, Karfiguela). It confirmed one irrigated site as disease...

Abstract Genome scans using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers became popular in nonmodel species within the last 10 years, but few studies have tried to characterize anonymous outliers identified. This study follows on from an AFLP genome scan black rat ( Rattus rattus ), reservoir of plague Yersinia pestis infection) Madagascar. We successfully sequenced 17 22 previously shown be potentially affected by plague‐mediated selection and associated with a resistance...