Abstract: Brain microglia are a major source of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), which have been implicated in the progression neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, were revealed to be highly responsive ATP, is released from nerve terminals, activated immune cells, or damaged cells. It not clear, however, whether ATP can regulate TNF‐α secretion microglia. Here we demonstrate that potently stimulates release, resulting mRNA expression rat cultured brain The...

After a brain insult, ATP is released from injured cells and activates microglia. The microglia that are activated in this way then release range of bioactive substances, one which tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF appears to be dependent on the P2X 7 receptor. inhibitors 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-amino-phenylthio]butadiene (U0126), anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one (SP600125), 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)IH-imidazole (SB203580), target MEK...

This work presents a theory of optical signal amplification and processing by quantum-dot semiconductor amplifiers (SOA's) based on the density matrix equations to treat electron-light interaction pulse propagation equations. The includes linear response as well incoherent coherent nonlinear new devices with arbitrary spectral spatial distribution quantum dots in active region under multimode light. was due hole burning reduction carrier stimulated emission. nonlinearity dynamic caused...

This paper presents recent progress in the field of semiconductor lasers and optical amplifiers with InAs-based self-assembled quantum dots active region for telecommunication. Based on our design terms maximum bandwidth high-speed modulation p-type doping high temperature stability, we realized temperature-insensitive 10 Gb s−1 laser diodes a GaAs substrate at 1.3 µm. The output waveform maintained clear eye opening, average power extinction ratio without current adjustments from 20°C to...

Microglia perform both neuroprotective and neurotoxic functions in the brain, with this depending on their state of activation release mediators. Upon P2X(7) receptor stimulation, for example, microglia small amounts TNF, which protect neurons, whereas LPS causes massive TNF leading to neuroinflammation. Here we report that, rat primary cultured microglia, nicotine enhances receptor-mediated release, whilst suppressing LPS-induced but without affecting mRNA expression via alpha7 nicotinic...

This paper presents a theory and simulation of quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) for high-bit-rate signal processing. The includes spatial isolation quantum dots, carrier relaxation excitation among the discrete energy states wetting layer, grouping dots by their resonant frequency under inhomogeneous broadening, homogeneous broadening single-dot gain, which are all essential to amplifier performance. We show that high-speed gain saturation occurs due spectral hole burning...

Temperature-dependent cathodoluminescence spectra of (2¯01) Si-doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals and (010) N-doped epitaxial films were comprehensively shown to investigate their electronic structure defect states. The decrease in the self-trapped exciton (STE) emission at low temperatures heavily implied Debye-Hückel screening STEs with critical charge density larger than 2 × 1018 cm−3. analysis based on rate equation model suggested a significant influence donor-acceptor-pair recombination...

The number of genetic variations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome has been increasing primarily due to continuous viral mutations. Here, we report that human APOBEC3A (A3A) cytidine deaminase plays a critical role induction C-to-U substitutions genome. Bioinformatic analysis chronological changes sequence database indicated largest UC-to-UU mutation signature, consistent with APOBEC-recognized nucleotide motifs, was predominant single-stranded RNA regions In SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, exogenous...

ORF8 is an accessory protein encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Consensus regarding the biological functions of lacking, largely because fundamental characteristics this in cells have not been determined. To clarify these features, we herein established expression system 293T cells. Using system, approximately 41% expressed were secreted extracellularly as a glycoprotein homodimer with inter/intramolecular disulfide bonds. Intracellular was sensitive to...

ABSTRACT The human cellular cytidine deaminases APOBEC3s (A3s) inhibit virion infectivity factor (Vif)-deficient HIV-1 replication. However, virus-encoded Vifs abolish this defense system by specifically recruiting A3s to an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex induce their degradation. highly conserved Vif PPLP motif is critical for the Vif-mediated antagonism of and believed be important multimerization. how dictates functions remains unclear. Here, we aimed elucidate mechanism using biochemical...

We demonstrate the first 1.3-μm continuous-wave (CW) lasing at room temperature of self-assembled InGaAs-GaAs quantum dots. High-density emission dots were successfully formed by combination low-rate growth and InGaAs-layer overgrowth methods molecular beam epitaxy. The ground-level CW occurred up to 40/spl deg/C, threshold current 8 mA 25/spl deg/C is less than one thirtieth values ever reported for dot pulse lasers. achievement represents a milestone creating quantum-dot lasers applicable...

We studied the injection current dependence of room-temperature lasing spectra a 1.3-μm self-assembled InAs∕GaAs quantum-dot laser both experimentally and theoretically. Starting from ground-state with few longitudinal modes, showed splitting, broadening, excited-state lasing, quenching as increased. could explain this unique by numerical simulation based on our theory, taking into account inhomogeneous homogeneous broadening optical gain well carrier relaxation processes in spatially...

High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. A previous study reported that intravenous injection anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody significantly attenuated brain edema in a rat model stroke, possibly by attenuating glial activation. Peripheral nerve injury leads to increased activity glia spinal cord dorsal horn. Thus, it possible could also be efficacious peripheral injury-induced pain. Following partial sciatic ligation (PSNL), rats were...

Recently, multiple neurotrophic/growth factors have been proposed to play an important role in the therapeutic action of antidepressants. In this study, we prepared astrocyte- and neuron-enriched cultures from neonatal rat cortex, examined changes factor expression by antidepressant treatment using real-time PCR. Treatment with amitriptyline (a tricyclic antidepressant) significantly increased fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial glial...

Abstract In HIV-1-infected patients, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a key factor that may impact commensal microbiota and cause the emergence of side effects. However, it not fully understood how long-term ART regimens have diverse impacts on microbial compositions over time. Here, we performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing fecal salivary microbiomes in patients under different ART. We found ART, especially conventional nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-based...

Ultrafast gain dynamics in quantum-dot (QD) optical amplifiers has been studied. It was found that there are at least three nonlinear processes, which attributed to carrier relaxation the ground states, phonon scattering, and capture from wetting layers into QDs. The relevant time constants were evaluated be /spl sim/90 fs, sim/260 sim/3 ps, respectively, under a 50-mA bias condition. dephasing sim/85 fs. third-order susceptibility (/spl chi//sup (3)/) by means of both transmission four-wave...

This paper presents the lasing properties and their temperature dependence for 1.3-/spl mu/m semiconductor lasers involving self-assembled InGaAs-GaAs quantum dots as active region. High-density emission were successfully grown by combination of low-rate growth InGaAs-layer overgrowth using molecular beam epitaxy. ground-level CW occurring at a low threshold current 5.4 mA 25/spl deg/C with realistic cavity length 300 /spl high-reflectivity coatings on both facets. The internal loss was...

Conversion efficiency to longer wavelengths in four-wave-mixing-based wavelength conversion optical semiconductor amplifiers is generally much lower than that the opposite direction. This study demonstrates experimentally this feature drastically improved, and asymmetry between directions eliminated by using quantum dots active layer. We attribute a reduction linewidth enhancement factor due discreteness of electron states dots.

Room temperature CW operation at the ground state has been achieved in self-formed quantum dot lasers with a multi-stacked layer. By systematic investigation, discontinuous shifts of lasing wavelength from high-order sub-bands to are clearly demonstrated by varying number layers and cavity loss.

Recent studies show that neuronal and glial plasticity are important for therapeutic action of antidepressants. We previously reported antidepressants increase cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) production in rat C6 glioma cells (C6 cells). Here, we found amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, increased both GDNF mRNA expression release, which were selectively completely inhibited by mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. Indeed, treatment amitriptyline rapidly...