The ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of emotion processes. However, findings regarding the role this region specifically recognition have mixed. We used sensitive facial task to compare performance 7 subjects with lesions confined regions, 8 elsewhere cortex, and 16 healthy control subjects. found that was impaired following ventromedial, but not dorsal or lateral, damage. This impairment appeared be quite general, lower overall ratings more confusion between...

The purpose of this project was to explore the extent which e-cigarette advertisements use youth-appealing content.A sample video ads (N = 154) were coded by 3 independent coders using content appealing youth (CAY) index, measures over 40 features. To calculate a total CAY score for each ad, scores normalized and summed such that higher represented presence more elements.All included some content, with frequent emotional appeals, including happiness (68%), friendship (41%), sex (24%),...

Little is known about brand-specific alcohol consumption among underage youth, as existing information collected at the level of alcoholic beverage type. This study identifies brands consumed by a nationally representative sample youth in United States.We obtained national 1,032 aged 13 to 20, using pre-recruited Internet panel maintained Knowledge Networks. Youth 18 20 were recruited directly from via email invitation. Teens 17 identified asking adult panelists identify member their...

Very little is known about how e-cigarette marketing being perceived by youth, and the potential effect it will have on youth vaping smoking behaviors. This limits ability to identify youth-focused efforts design effective policies for regulation of content placement.

<h3>Importance</h3> As marijuana continues to be legalized in many states, little is known about best regulatory practice, exposing the population significant potential harm. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess extent which practices, including those from tobacco control, were incorporated into state and local policies California. <h3>Design Setting</h3> California medical 1996 adult recreational use 2016, effective January 2018. A cross-sectional study with data collection analysis February 1...

Background Being able to investigate the relationship between underage drinkers' preferences for particular brands and their exposure advertising those would represent a significant advance in alcohol marketing research. However, no previous national study has examined youth brand‐specific consumption of brands. Methods We conducted cross‐sectional, Internet‐based survey sample 1,031 youth, ages 13–20, who had consumed at least 1 drink past 30 days. ascertained all by respondents The main...

There is considerable evidence that exposure to alcohol marketing increases the likelihood of adolescents initiating and engaging in consumption. a paucity research, however, specifically examining industry generated occurring on social media/networking platforms.The purpose this investigation was analyze content promotional advertisements by brands Instagram.For 30-day period, Instagram profiles 15 distinct were examined. Pictorial posts/updates from each profile screen captured...

Aims: We investigated the population-level relationship between exposure to brand-specific advertising and alcohol use among US youth. Methods: conducted an internet survey of a national sample 1031 youth, ages 13–20, who had consumed in past 30 days. ascertained all brands respondents days, as well which 20 popular television shows they viewed during that time period. Using negative binomial regression model, we examined aggregated on [ad stock, measured gross rating points (GRPs)] youth...

Background: Exposure to alcohol-related advertising is consistently linked adolescent drinking initiation and consequences. Since the advent of social networking sites, alcohol industry has adapted its efforts allocated large portions budgets on digital online media. Purpose: This investigation employed a novel, objective content analysis examine practices leading brands Twitter. Methods: Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was utilized entire Twitter post history for 13 brands. Results: Very...

Background Alcohol marketing is known to be a significant risk factor for underage drinking. However, little about youth and adult exposure alcohol advertising in digital social media. This study piloted comparative assessment of recall online alcohol. Methods From September October 2013, pilot survey past 30-day promotional content traditional media was administered national sample 1,192 (ages 13 20) 1,124 adults ≥21) using prerecruited Internet panel maintained by GfK Custom Research. The...

Underage drinking is a serious public health problem in the United States, and youth exposure to alcohol advertising has been indicated as possible contributing factor. Although number of studies have identified content features that find appealing, key limitation this research absence broader tool examine those features, especially used by brands are popular with underage drinkers. We created an index elements found literature be appealing youth, then analysis identify degree which...

Prenatal cannabis use is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes1 and increasing expanding legalization.2,3 While it known that retail availability of adult use,4,5 less clear whether living closer to a retailer or in neighborhood greater density prenatal use. This cross-sectional study assessed the association between recreational among pregnant women served by Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) heath system during first year California’s 2018 initiation sales.

It is unknown whether state recreational cannabis legalization (RCL) related to increased rates of prenatal use or RCL-related changes vary with screening methods the local policy environment.

Social norms affect human behavior, and underage drinking is no exception. Using the theory of normative social this study tested proposition that association between perceptions about prevalence (descriptive norms) strengthened when perceived pressures to conform (injunctive beliefs benefits (outcome expectations) are high. This was on a nationally representative sample drinkers ages 13–20 (N = 1,031) in relation their alcohol consumption, expanding research with college-age youth. On...

Youth exposure to alcohol marketing has been shown be an important contributor the problem of underage drinking in U.S. More work is needed on identifying and minimizing content with particular appeal youth.We tested association between youth-appeal televised advertisements brand-specific consumption both youth adults. We used existing data from three sources: a survey among (N=1032), adults (N ~13,000), analysis appealing (CAY) sample (n=96) aired during survey. The CAY scores for 96 ads...

Background There is a lack of consistent regulation cannabis edibles packaging to restrict youth-appealing content in the United States.Objective To describe appealing youth on U.S. cannabis-infused packaging.Methods We analyzed 256 photos collected from adults 25 states, District Columbia, and Puerto Rico between May 2020 August 2021. coded presence product knockoffs, human non-human creatures, images indicating flavor, text number colors. compared these codes across states' legalization...

The present study seeks to evaluate the relationships between cannabis-related communication and outcomes of interest such as risk perceptions, attitudes, behaviors among young adults. Young adults who were at for cannabis use surveyed online in 2020. Results showed that exposure educational messages was associated with higher intentions engaging peer intervention, while advertising related intention cannabis. Anti-cannabis interpersonal discussion increased less favorable a likelihood...

Background Sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are a promising strategy to decrease SSB consumption, and their inequitable health impacts, while raising revenue meet social objectives. In 2016, San Francisco passed one cent per ounce tax on SSBs. This study compared consumption in that José, before after implementation 2018. Methods &amp; findings A longitudinal panel of adults (n = 1,443) was surveyed from zip codes CA with higher densities Black Latino residents, racial/ethnic groups...

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated in the experience and regulation of emotional states. Emotional is a complex construct, encompassing range more specific processes. This exploratory study aimed to delineate which (if any) aspects rely critically on either ventromedial frontal (VMF) or lateral (LF) lobes. The affective individuals with damage these regions was surveyed detail using several measures compared that control participants. Dependent included subjective observer ratings...

No previous study has determined whether there are differences in the youth appeal of alcohol advertisements for popular versus unpopular brands among underage drinkers. This paper provides a systematic investigation differential brand-level and young adults United States.We examined 3 issues 8 magazines youth. From advertised brands, we selected ads top 10 bottom by prevalence consumption, based on results national survey. We assessed ads' using sample 211 students recruited from 1 graduate...

As cannabis legalization continues to spread, best regulatory practice remains ill-defined and elusive, exposing the population potential harms.We conducted an annual, statewide, cross- sectional survey assess cannabis-related laws in effect by January 1, 2020, local California jurisdictions at state level measured adoption of practices.The current all 539 were located; 276 allowed any retail sales (storefront or delivery) covering 58% population, increase 20 (8%) from year 1 (2018). Half...

Little is known about the influence of e-cigarette marketing on cannabis vaping behaviors. This study examined associations between exposure and nicotine among adults. cross-sectional included a U.S. nationally representative sample adults from Wave 6 survey Population Assessment Tobacco Health Study. We used multinomial logistic regressions to examine past 30-day behavior (sole- dual-vaping cannabis) overall stratified by age. Overall, 52.0 % respondents reported exposure, 89.8 %, 5.6 3.2...

Objectives. To examine whether local cannabis policies and retail availability are associated with use problematic (PCU) among adolescents in Northern California. Methods. The sample comprised aged 13 to 17 years screened for past-year during well-child visits 2021. Exposures included bans on storefront retailers, policy protectiveness, proximity density. Outcomes self-reported PCU diagnoses. Modified Poisson regression models adjusted sociodemographics. Results. (n = 103 134) was 51.1% male...