Detection and diagnosis of plant viruses has included serological laboratory tests since the 1960s. Relatively little work was done on detection pathogenic bacteria fungi prior to development ELISA monoclonal antibody technologies. Most applications for laboratory-based were directed at virus with relatively emphasis fungal bacterial pathogens, though there some good other groups pathogens. With advent molecular biology ability compare regions genomic DNA representing conserved sequences,...

Multiplex PCR procedures were developed for simultaneously detecting multiple target sequences in genetically modified (GM) soybean (Roundup Ready), maize (event 176, Bt11, Mon810, T14/25), and canola (GT73, HCN92/28, MS8/RF3, Oxy 235). Internal control targets (invertase gene corn, lectin β-actin genes soybean, cruciferin canola) included as appropriate to assess the efficiency of all reactions, thereby eliminating any false negatives. Primer combinations that allowed identification...

Plants are infected by a wide range of viruses. Many cause devastation plants and crops resulting in significant economic losses threats to the viability certain horticultural agricultural industries. Resources available for routine detection plant viruses tend be limited. This means that techniques adopted diagnosis must low cost yet sensitive reliable. Approaches allow simultaneous multiple (multiplexing) reduce number tests required, reagent usage, time analysis, consequently, cost....

Abstract Five commercially available biological control products were tested in vitro with seven isolates of Phytophthora ramorum from North American (NA1, NA2), and European (EU1) populations. The tests included dual culture methods detached leaf assays on wounded Rhododendron Camellia leaves. Variability response to biocontrol agents among P. populations was examined. In tests, both Bacillus subtilis (Companion® Serenade®) resulted better inhibition the NA1 group than NA2 EU1. Actinovate®...

Plum pox virus (PPV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. viruses tend to be genetically diverse because viral RNA-dependent polymerase responsible for replication lacks proofreading capacity. Consequently, PPV diverse, and nine strains (D, M, EA, C, Rec, W, T, CR, An) have been identified date. At least two these (Rec, T) are direct products recombination events, contributor genetic diversity common occurrence in Potyvirus. The...

Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) causes plum (sharka) disease, which is considered the most serious disease of stone fruits including peach, plum, nectarine, and apricot (2). The may cause losses as high 80 to 100% some crops A survey was initiated in Niagara region Ontario, Canada, after it reported that PPV detected Pennsylvania (1). initial focused on Prunus material imported into Canada from region. Where trees could be identified, every tree sampled. In cases where were growing mixed blocks...

Summary Pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , the causal agent of pine wilt disease, is an inhabitant native species North America, where its presence has minor impact. In contrast, introduction this to forests in Asia and Europe devastated some stands recognized as a pest significant phytosanitary concern by National Plant Protection Organizations several countries. The ability detect PWN internationally traded wood products crucial reduce spread organism. Currently,...

Plum pox virus (PPV) is genetically diverse with nine different strains identified. Mutations, indel events, and interstrain recombination events are known to contribute the genetic diversity of PPV. This first report intrastrain that PPV's diversity. Fourteen isolates PPV strain Winona (W) were analyzed including new W sequenced completely in this study. Isolates other more than one isolate complete genome sequence available GenBank included also study for comparison analysis. Five detected...

Plum pox virus (PPV) isolate 3174-01 was detected by triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the universal PPV monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5B as secondary antibody, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) primers that amplify a 243-bp fragment in C-terminus of coat protein coding region. The restriction sites RsaI AluI were absent from this fragment, which is feature unique to PPV-C isolates. replaced GTAA/GTGA GGCA, respectively. There 95 99, 94,...

Summary There are three major clonal lineages of Phytophthora ramorum present in North America and Europe named NA1, NA2, EU1. Twenty‐three isolates representing all were evaluated for phenotype including (i) aggressiveness on detached Rhododendron leaves (ii) growth rate at minimum, optimum, maximum temperatures. Closely related species P. foliorum hibernalis included phenotypic tests since these encountered nursery surveys ramorum. Isolates from the NA2 EU1 most aggressive NA1 group least...

Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is the causative agent of Dutch elm disease (DED). It an ascomycetous filamentous fungus that ranks as third most devastating fungal pathogen in Canada. The front has spread eastward and westward from epicentre Ontario Quebec threatening populations across country. Numerous mitigation strategies have been tried to eradicate this pathogen, but success thus far limited. An alternative approach might utilize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycoviruses which reported induce...

Ten isolates of apple hammerhead viroid-like RNA (AHVd RNA) were detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and/or RT-PCR analysis (Malus domestica) 'Pacific Gala' (PG) from Canada. All consisted 433 nucleotides in size, and their circular structure sequence supported reverse transcription amplification with two separate pairs abutted primers, cloning sequencing. Two regions defined for the computer-predicted secondary AHVd RNA-PG – a region (HHR) loop-rich (LRR). The HHR contained core...