Establishment of the maximum contaminant level that regulates concentration arsenic in public water supplies has been an extraordinarily protracted process. The U.S. Public Health Service set interim standard 50 mg per liter 1942. It was another 60 years before Environmental Protection Agency lowered to 10 liter, despite extensive epidemiological evidence significant cancer risks. [ Smith et al .][1] this Policy Forum consider how regulatory process might interpret and respond more...

Arsenic in drinking water is an established cause of lung cancer, and preliminary evidence suggests that ingested arsenic may also nonmalignant disease. Antofagasta the second largest city Chile had a distinct period very high exposure began 1958 lasted until 1971, when removal plant was installed. This unique scenario provides rare opportunity to investigate long-term mortality impact early-life exposure. In this study, we compared rates 1989–2000 with those rest Chile, focusing on subjects...

Region II of Chile (the second most northerly administrative region) experienced dramatic increases in average arsenic water concentrations beginning 1958, followed by marked declines the 1970s when treatment plants were installed. This history provides a unique opportunity to study time trends development arsenic-related cancers, including lung and bladder cancers. We investigated cancer mortality from 1950 2000 for region compared with V, where drinking was not contaminated arsenic....

Journal Article Case-Control Study of Bladder Cancer and Arsenic in Drinking Water Get access Michael N. Bates, Bates 1Department Biomedical Environmental Health Sciences, School Public Health, University CaliforniaBerkeley, CA2Current affiliation: Institute Science ResearchPorirua, New Zealand Reprint requests to Dr. Research, P.O. Box 50-348, Porirua, Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Allan H. Smith, Smith CA Kenneth P. Cantor 3Environmental...

Studies from developed countries have reported on host-related risk factors for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). However, similar studies high-burden like Nepal are lacking. Therefore, we carried out this study to compare demographic, life-style and clinical characteristics between EPTB PTB patients. A retrospective analysis was 474 Tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed in a tertiary care hospital western Nepal. Characteristics of demography, features were obtained medical case records....

Arsenic in drinking water is known to be a cause of lung, bladder, and skin cancer, some studies report cardiovascular disease effects. The authors investigated mortality from 1950 2000 the arsenic-exposed region II Chile (population: 477,000 2000) comparison with unexposed V. Increased risks were found for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), rate ratios 1.48 men (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37, 1.59; p < 0.001) 1.26 women CI: 1.14, 1.40; during high-exposure period 1958 1970. highest...

Studies have found increased bladder cancer risks associated with high levels of arsenic in drinking water, but little information exists about at lower concentrations. Ecologic studies Argentina mortality Córdoba Province, where some wells are contaminated moderate This population-based case-control study two counties recruited 114 pairs, matched on age, sex, and county, during 1996-2000. Water samples, particularly from wells, were obtained subjects' current residences the last 40 years....

Background The prevalence of cataract is higher in developing countries, and both developed countries more females than males are blind from cataracts. Three epidemiological studies have associated indoor cooking with solid fuels (e.g. wood or dung) blindness. However, associations these may been caused by unmeasured confounding. Methods A hospital-based case–control study was conducted on the Nepal–India border. Cases (n = 206) were women patients, aged 35–75 years confirmed Controls 203),...

Objective: We sought to assess whether the metabolism of arsenic impacts a person's susceptibility bladder cancer. Methods: Urinary methylation products were measured in subjects from Argentina (114 cases and 114 controls) United States (23 49 controls). Results: In Argentina, adjusted odds ratio (OR) for with high proportion ingested excreted as monomethylarsonate (%MMA) was 2.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–4.63) smokers 0.48 CI 0.17–1.33) nonsmokers. States, ORs %MMA intakes less...

Background : In India, approximately 66% of households rely on dung or woody biomass as fuels for cooking. These are burned under inefficient conditions, leading to household air pollution (HAP) and exposure smoke containing toxic substances. Large-scale intervention efforts need be informed by careful piloting address multiple methodological sociocultural issues. This exploratory study provides preliminary data such an exercise from Palwal District, Haryana, India. Methods Traditional...

In Nepal, tuberculosis (TB) is a major problem. Worldwide, six previous epidemiologic studies have investigated whether indoor cooking with biomass fuel such as wood or agricultural wastes associated TB inconsistent results.Using detailed information on potential confounders, we the associations between and use of kerosene fuels.A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Pokhara, Nepal. Cases (n = 125) were women, 20-65 years old, confirmed diagnosis TB. Age-matched controls 250)...

Household air pollution generated from solid fuel use for cooking is one of the leading risk factors ill-health globally. Deployment advanced cookstoves to reduce emissions has been a major focus intervention efforts. However, household usage these stoves and resulting changes in traditional polluting not well characterized. In Palwal District, Haryana, India, we carried out an utilizing Philips HD4012 fan-assisted stove, cleanest biomass available. We placed small, unobtrusive data-logging...

Ingestion of arsenic, both from water supplies and medicinal preparations, is known to cause skin cancer. The evidence assessed here indicates that arsenic can also liver, lung, kidney, bladder cancer the population risks due in U.S. may be comparable those environmental tobacco smoke radon homes. Large studies an area Taiwan with high levels well (170-800 micrograms/L) were used establish dose-response relationships between concentration inorganic naturally present supplies. It was...

Background: Arsenic in drinking water is associated with kidney cancer. Beginning 1958, a region of Chile experienced rapid onset high arsenic exposure water, followed by sharp declines when treatment plants were installed 1971. Methods: For the years 1950–1970, we obtained mortality data from death certificates for an exposed and unexposed Chile. We computerized all 1971–2000. Results: Kidney cancer risks compared started to increase about 10 after exposures began 1958. The peak rate ratio...

Methylation is the primary route of metabolism inorganic arsenic in humans, and previous studies showed that interindividual differences methylation may have important impacts on susceptibility to arsenic-induced cancer. To date, factors regulate humans are mostly unknown. Urinary patterns genetic polymorphisms methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) glutathione S-transferase (GST) were investigated 170 subjects from an arsenic-exposed region Argentina. Previous with TT/AA at MTHFR 677...

Globally, solid fuels are used by about 3 billion people for cooking. These have been associated with many health effects, including acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. Nepal has a high prevalence of use biomass cooking and heating.This case-control study was conducted among population the Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal, to investigate relationship cookfuel type ALRI children.Cases age-matched controls were enrolled from an open cohort children 2-35 months old, under...