A5039036533- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Respiratory viral infections research
- SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Influenza Virus Research Studies
- COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
- COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Virus-based gene therapy research
- Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
- COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
- interferon and immune responses
- Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Immune Response and Inflammation
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Immune responses and vaccinations
- Malaria Research and Control
- Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
UK Health Security Agency
2021-2025
Imperial College London
2019-2022
Public Health England
2021
St Mary's Hospital
2019
St. Mary's Hospital
2019
University of London
2017
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
2017
Aarhus University
2016
A rapid increase in coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) cases due to the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 highly vaccinated populations has aroused concerns about effectiveness current vaccines.
Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes disease 2019 (Covid-19), have been used since December 2020 in United Kingdom. Real-world data shown vaccines to be highly effective Covid-19 and related death. Vaccine effectiveness may wane over time receipt of second dose ChAdOx1-S (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) BNT162b2 vaccines.
Booster vaccination with messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines has been offered to adults in England starting on 14 September 2021. We used a test-negative case-control design estimate the relative effectiveness of booster dose BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) compared only two-dose primary course (at least 175 days after second dose) or unvaccinated individuals from 13 2021 5 December 2021, when Delta variant was dominant circulation. Outcomes were symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and...
Abstract Background A rapid increase in cases due to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant highly vaccinated populations has raised concerns about effectiveness of current vaccines. Methods We used a test-negative case-control design estimate vaccine (VE) against symptomatic disease caused by and Delta variants England. VE was calculated after primary immunisation with two BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 doses, at 2+ weeks following booster. Results Between 27 November 06 December 2021, 581 56,439...
Abstract Background COVID-19 vaccines have been used for 9 months in the UK. Real world data demonstrated to be highly effective against COVID-19, severe disease and death. Here, we estimate vaccine effectiveness over time since second dose of Comirnaty, Vaxzevria Spikevax England. Methods We a test-negative case-control design symptomatic disease, hospitalisation mortality by age, comorbidity status after investigate waning separately Alpha Delta variants. Results Vaccine peaked early weeks...
The variable outcome of viral exposure is only partially explained by known factors. We administered respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to 58 volunteers, whom 57% became infected. Mucosal neutrophil activation before was highly predictive symptomatic RSV disease. This associated with a rapid, presymptomatic decline in mucosal interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and other mediators. Conversely, those who resisted infection showed IL-17- tumor necrosis factor-related pathways. Vulnerability not baseline...
The Omicron variant has been associated with reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) against mild disease rapid waning. Meanwhile also milder disease. Protection severe substantially higher than protection infection previous variants. We used a test-negative case-control design to estimate VE hospitalisation the and Delta variants using PCR testing linked hospital records. investigated impact of increasing specificity severity definitions on VE. Among 18-64-year-olds cases admitted via emergency...
Bivalent BA.1 booster vaccines were offered to adults aged 50 years or older and clinically vulnerable people as part of the 2022 autumn COVID-19 vaccination programme in England. Previously, all England had been a primary course consisting two doses either ChAdOx1-S monovalent mRNA vaccine an vaccine. We aimed estimate long-term duration protection provided by vaccines, incremental effectiveness bivalent boosters.In this test-negative case-control study, cases controls 18 identified from...
The last COVID-19 vaccine offered to all adults in England became available from November 2021. most recent booster programme commenced September 2023. Bivalent BA.4-5 or monovalent XBB.1.5 boosters were given. During the study period, JN.1 variant dominant England.
Abstract Background In September 2021, the UK Government introduced a booster programme targeting individuals over 50 and those in clinical risk group. Individuals were offered either full dose of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine or half mRNA-1273 (Spikevax, Moderna) vaccine, irrespective received as primary course Methods We used test-negative case-control design to estimate Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) aged against symptomatic disease post time intervals compared at least 140...
The 2024/25 influenza season in Europe is currently characterised by co-circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B/Victoria viruses, with A(H1N1)pdm09 predominating. Interim vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates from eight European studies (17 countries) indicate an all-age A VE 32–53% primary care 33–56% hospital settings, some signals lower subtype higher against B (≥ 58% across settings). Where feasible, vaccination should be encouraged other prevention measures strengthened.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants. Lung neutrophilia hallmark RSV disease but the mechanism by which neutrophils are recruited and activated unclear. Here, we investigate innate immune signaling pathways underlying neutrophil recruitment activation RSV-infected mice. We show that MyD88/TRIF essential for lung while MAVS signaling, to type I IFN production, necessary activation. Consistent with notion,...
Abstract Background The omicron (B.1.1.529) variant has been associated with reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) against infection and mild disease rapid waning, even after a third dose, nevertheless also milder than previous variants. With variants protection severe substantially higher infection. Methods We used test-negative case–control design to estimate VE hospitalisation the delta using community in hospital testing linked records. As disease, there may be an increasing proportion of...
Despite the availability of ChAdOx1-S booster vaccine, little is known about real-world effectiveness although clinical trials have demonstrated enhanced immunity following a booster. In England 43,171 individuals received whilst 13,038,908 BNT162b2 in same period. recipients were more likely to be female (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.67 (1.64-1.71)), risk group OR 1.58 (1.54-1.63)), clinically extremely vulnerable 1.84 (1.79-1.89)) or severely immunosuppressed 2.05 (1.96-2.13)). The and...
Abstract The BA.1 sub-lineage of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, first detected in UK mid-November 2021, rapidly became dominant strain partly due to reduced vaccine effectiveness. An increase a second BA.2 was observed early January 2022. In this study we use test-negative case control design estimate effectiveness against symptomatic disease with and after one or two doses BNT162b2, ChAdOx1-S mRNA-1273, booster BNT162b2 mRNA-1273 during period co-circulation. Overall, there no evidence...
Since the first emergence of Omicron BA.1 in England November 2021, numerous sub-lineages have evolved. In September 2022, BA.5 dominated. The prevalence BQ.1 increased from October, while CH.1.1 and XBB.1.5 December 2022 January 2023, respectively. Little is known about effectiveness vaccines against hospitalisation with these sub-lineages, nor relative severity, so we here used national-level electronic health records to estimate vaccine variant severity.
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause soft tissue infections but also a frequent of foodborne illnesses. One contributing factor for this food association its high salt tolerance allowing organism to survive commonly used preservation methods. How resistance mediated poorly understood, particularly during long-term exposure. In study, we transposon sequencing (TN-seq) understand how the responses osmotic stressors differ. Our results revealed distinctly different...
In England routine vaccinations are recorded in either the patients General Practice record or series of sub-national vaccine registers that not interoperable. During COVID-19 pandemic it was established COVID vaccines would need to be delivered multiple settings where current do exist. We describe how a national register created collect data on vaccines.The National Immunisation Management System (NIMS) developed by range health and digital government agencies. Vaccinations entered an...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in young children the elderly. Lack of vaccines recurrence RSV infection indicate difficulty eliciting protective memory immune responses. Tissue resident T cells (T RM ) confer protection from pathogen re-infection and, human experimental infection, presence lung CD8 + correlates with a better outcome. However, requirements for generating maintaining during are not fully understood. Here, we use mouse models to...
The Sanofi/GSK AS03-adjuvanted (VidPrevtyn Beta) vaccine and the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA (Comirnaty Original/Omicron BA.4-5) bivalent were offered to adults aged 75 years over in England from 3rd April 2023. This is first time an adjuvanted COVID-19 has been administered as part of a UK vaccination programme. In clinical trials, antibody levels generated comparable with vaccines but there are no real-world data on effectiveness or duration protection.