Bacterial leaf streak of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) is an increasingly important yield constraint in this staple crop. A mesophyll colonizer, Xoc differs from X. (Xoo), which invades xylem to cause bacterial blight rice. Both produce multiple distinct TAL effectors, type III-delivered proteins that transactivate effector-specific host genes. effector finds its target(s) via a partially degenerate code whereby the modular amino acid sequence identifies nucleotide...

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) causes the increasingly important disease bacterial leaf streak of rice (BLS) in part by type III delivery repeat-rich transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors to upregulate host susceptibility genes. By pathogen whole genome, single molecule, real-time sequencing and RNA sequencing, we compared TAL effector content transcriptional responses across 10 geographically diverse Xoc strains. is surprisingly conserved overall, yet distinguishes Asian from...

Pathogen-injected, direct transcriptional activators of host genes, TAL (transcription activator-like) effectors play determinative roles in plant diseases caused by Xanthomonas spp. A large domain nearly identical, 33–35 aa repeats each protein mediates DNA recognition. This modularity makes customizable and thus important also biotechnology. However, the render effector ( tal ) genes impossible to assemble using next-generation, short reads. Here, we demonstrate that long-read, single...

Most Xanthomonas species translocate Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) effectors into plant cells where they function like transcription factors via a programmable DNA-binding domain. Characterized strains of rice pathogenic X. oryzae pv. harbor 9-16 different tal effector genes, but the only few them has been decoded. Using sequencing entire genomes, we first performed comparative analyses complete repertoires TAL effectors, herein referred to as TALomes, in three Xoo forming an African...

Summary Expression of bacterial genes is often regulated by complex mechanisms, some which involve host cues. Analysis the Xanthomonas campestris pv. ( Xcc ) genome sequence revealed presence an xccR/pip locus. The upstream gene xccR a luxR homologue, while pip codes for proline iminopeptidase. A lux box‐like element, named luxXc box, locates in promoter region. In this work, we show that disruption either or resulted significantly attenuated virulence . Under medium culture conditions,...

ABSTRACT Bacterial leaf streak, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is an important disease of rice. Transposon-mediated mutational analysis the pathogen with a quantitative assay revealed candidate virulence factors including genes involved in pathogenesis other phytopathogenic bacteria, animal pathogens, and not previously associated virulence.

Cadmium (Cd), one of the major toxic heavy metals, causes severe deleterious effects on all living organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. deposition affects bacterial diversity and population in soil. accumulation plants is mainly controlled by transporters resulting Cd enrichment gives rise phytotoxicity.This study aimed mine that control import or rice uncover underlying mechanisms how accumulated poses risks host plant leaf bacteria.RNA-seq analysis, histochemical assays, elemental...

Bacterial transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) promote pathogenicity by activating host susceptibility (S) genes. To understand the and adaptation of Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm), we assemble genome TALE repertoire three recent Xcm Texas isolates. A newly evolved TALE, Tal7b, activates GhSWEET14a GhSWEET14b, different from GhSWEET10 targeted a in an early isolate. Activation GhSWEET14b results water-soaked lesions. Transcriptome profiling coupled with TALE-binding...

Bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa (Xtu) is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) worldwide. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) play determinative roles in many the plant diseases different species pathovars Xanthomonas, but their role these has not been characterized. ICMP11055 a highly virulent Xtu strain from Iran. The aim this study was to better understand genetic diversity assess TALEs bacterial...

Summary Many plant‐pathogenic Xanthomonas rely on the secretion of virulence transcription activator‐like effector (TALE) proteins into plant cells to activate susceptibility genes cause disease. The process is dependent binding TALEs specific elements host target gene promoters in nucleus. However, it unclear how TALEs, after injection cells, are transferred from cytoplasm nucleus, which key step successful pathogen infection. Here, we show that cytoplasm/nuclear shuttle OsImpα1a and...

Summary Both plants and fungi produce ent ‐kaurene as a precursor to the gibberellin plant hormones. A number of rhizobia contain functionally conserved, sequentially acting ‐copalyl diphosphate synthases (CPS KS, respectively), which are found within well‐conserved operon that may lead production gibberellins. Intriguingly, rice bacterial leaf streak pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) contains homologous operon. Here, we report biochemical characterization encoded CPS KS ,...

Abstract Background Xanthomonas oryzae pv. ( Xoo ) and X. oryzicola Xoc are bacterial pathogens of the worldwide staple grass model, rice. closely related but invades rice vascular tissue to cause leaf blight, a serious disease in many parts world, colonizes mesophyll parenchyma streak, emerging importance. Both depend on hrp genes for type III secretion infect their host. We constructed 50–70 mer oligonucleotide microarray based available genome data compared gene expression strains PXO99 A...

Abstract BACKGROUND: Oligochitosan has broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity and shows an obvious inhibitory effect on phytopathogens. In addition, as exogenous elicitor, it can induce various defence responses, including affecting the activities of several defence‐related enzymes substances in some plants. Owing to this dual function oligochitosan, be used control postharvest diseases fruits. Silicon, like also a function. study synergistic oligochitosan silicon decay apple fruit was...

Summary Xanthomonas spp. reduce crop yields and quality worldwide. During infection of their plant hosts, many strains secrete transcription activator‐like (TAL) effectors, which enter the host cell nucleus activate specific corresponding genes at effector binding elements (EBEs) in promoter. TAL effectors may contribute to disease by activating expression susceptibility or trigger resistance associated with hypersensitive reaction (HR) an executor ( R ) gene. The rice bacterial leaf streak...

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola causes bacterial leaf streak of rice. A mutant disrupted in wxocB, predicted to encode an enzyme for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis, was previously shown suffer reduced virulence. Here, we confirm a role wxocB virulence and demonstrate its requirement LPS O-chain assembly. Structure analysis indicated that wild-type contains polyrhamnose O chain with irregular, variant residues core oligosaccharide identical other spp. the lacks chain. The also showed...

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have been shown to play important roles in maintaining host fitness under periods of abiotic stress, and yet their effect on mulberry trees which regularly suffer drought after flooding the hydro-fluctuation belt Three Gorges Reservoir Region China remains largely uncharacterized. In present study, 74 bacterial isolates were obtained from rhizosphere soil including 12 phosphate-solubilizing 10 indole-3-acetic-acid-producing isolates. Bacillus megaterium...

The rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. ( Xoo ) injects transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) that bind and activate host “susceptibility” S genes important for disease. Clade III SWEET are major blight. resistance xa5 , which reduces TALE activity generally, xa13 a SWEET11 allele not recognized by the cognate TALE, have been effectively deployed. However, strains defeat both individually were recently reported in India Thailand. To gain insight into mechanism(s),...

Fusarium wilt caused by oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) is a destructive soilborne disease commonly found in watermelon producing areas throughout the world. At present, control of depends heavily on host resistance and chemical fungicide application. In this study, we isolated fluorescent pseudomonads from rhizosphere healthy evaluated their biocontrol capacity against FON race 2. Biochemical assays indicated that all 14 Pseudomonas strains were able to produce indole-3-acetic acid at least...

The rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. (Xoo) constrains production in major growing countries of Asia. Xoo injects transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) that bind to and activate host "susceptibility" (S) genes are important for disease. resistance gene xa5, which reduces TALE activity generally, has been widely deployed. However, strains defeating xa5 have reported India recently also Thailand. We completely sequenced compared the genomes one such strain from...

Clavibacter michiganensis is a Gram-stain-positive bacterium with eight subspecies, five of which have been redefined as different species on the basis their genome sequence data. On results phylogenetic analysis dnaA gene sequences, strains members genus isolated from barley grouped in separate clade other and subspecies Clavibacter. In this study, biochemical, physiological, fatty acids genetic characteristics DM1T DM3, represented isolates, were examined. multi-locus typing biochemical...

Core Ideas We used MEMD to explore scale‐specific controls of SWC at a 500‐km transect. The largest mean scale and environmental factors along the transect was 121 km. Precipitation temperature were large‐scale controlling SWC. Elevation sand moderate‐scale Clay content dominant factor all scales. Soil water (SWC) varies both spatially temporally is highly controlled by various operating different intensities In this study, we investigated using multivariate empirical mode decomposition...

Potato tubers exhibiting symptoms of soft rot were observed in a field Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, March 2016. Bacteria isolated from the diseased potato tubers. Using morphological and molecular (16S rDNA gyrB) characterization pathogenicity tests, representative isolate bacterium was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Inoculating onto healthy led to with same displayed field, which confirmed amyloliquefaciens causal agent. Further testing bacterial on...