There is now compelling evidence for a link between enteric microbiota and brain function. The ingestion of probiotics modulates the processing information that strongly linked to anxiety depression, influences neuroendocrine stress response. We have recently demonstrated prebiotics (soluble fibres augment growth indigenous microbiota) significant neurobiological effects in rats, but their action humans has not been reported.

Response preparation is accomplished by gradual accumulation in neural activity until a threshold reached. In humans, such preparatory signal, referred to as the lateralized readiness potential, can be observed EEG over sensorimotor cortical areas before execution of voluntary movement. Although well-described for manual movements, less known about potentials saccadic eye movements humans and nonhuman primates. Hence, we describe potential frontolateral cortex macaque monkeys. Homologous...

The neural mechanisms of executive and motor control concern both basic researchers clinicians. In human studies, preparation cancellation movements are accompanied by changes in the β-frequency band (15–29 Hz) electroencephalogram (EEG). Previous studies with participants performing stop signal (countermanding) tasks have described reduced frequency transient β-bursts over sensorimotor cortical areas before movement initiation increased β-bursting medial frontal cancellation. This...

Abstract The medial frontal cortex (MFC) enables executive control by monitoring relevant information and using it to adapt behavior. In macaques performing a saccade countermanding (stop-signal) task, we simultaneously recorded electrical potentials over MFC neural spiking across all layers of the supplementary eye field (SEF). We report laminar organization neurons enabling conflict between incompatible responses, timing events, sustaining goal maintenance. These were mix narrow-spiking...

Response preparation is accomplished by gradual accumulation in neural activity until a threshold reached. In humans, such preparatory signal, referred to as the lateralized readiness potential, can be observed EEG over sensorimotor cortical areas before execution of voluntary movement. Although well-described for manual movements, less known about potentials saccadic eye movements humans and nonhuman primates. Hence, we describe potential frontolateral cortex macaque monkeys. Homologous...

Abstract A multi-scale approach elucidated the origin of error-related-negativity (ERN), with its associated theta-rhythm, and post-error-positivity (Pe) in macaque supplementary eye field (SEF). Using biophysical modeling, synaptic inputs to a subpopulation layer-3 (L3) layer-5 (L5) pyramidal cells (PCs) were optimized reproduce error-related spiking modulation inter-spike intervals. The intrinsic dynamics dendrites L5 but not L3 error PCs generate theta rhythmicity random phases. Saccades...

The optomotor response has been widely used to investigate insect sensitivity contrast and motion. Several studies have revealed the of this frequency contrast, but we know less about spatial integration underlying response. Specifically, few investigated how horizontal angular extent stimuli influences We presented mantises with moving gratings varying extents at three different contrasts in central or peripheral regions their visual fields. assessed relative effectivity elicit modelled...

The stop-signal task is a well-established assessment of response inhibition, and in humans, proficiency linked to dorsal striatum D 2 receptor availability. Parkinson's disease (PD) characterized by changes efficiency inhibition. Here, we studied 17 PD patients (6 female 11 male) using the paradigm single-blinded d -amphetamine (dAMPH) study. Participants completed [ 18 F]fallypride positron emission topography (PET) imaging both placebo dAMPH conditions. A voxel-wise analysis relationship...

Abstract Conflict—the magnitude of co-activation mutually incompatible response processes—was proposed to explain how cognitive control is invoked (Botvinick et al. 2001) and continues engage debate (Becker 2024). Original observations consistent with this construct emphasized the primary contribution cingulate cortex (CC) based on human functional imaging al., 1999; Carter 2000) electroencephalogram (Yeung, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2004). In countermanding tasks conflict arises through...

Abstract The motion energy model is the standard account of detection in animals from beetles to humans. Despite this common basis, we show here that a difference early stages visual processing between mammals and insects leads make radically different behavioural predictions. In insects, filtering spatially lowpass, which makes surprising prediction can be impaired by “invisible” noise, i.e. noise at spatial frequency elicits no response when presented on its own as signal. We confirm using...

Express saccades are unusually short latency, visually guided saccadic eye movements. They most commonly observed when the fixation spot disappears at a consistent, interval before target appears repeated location. The saccade countermanding task includes no fixation-target gap, variable presentation times, and requirement to withhold on some trials. These testing conditions should discourage production of express saccades. However, two macaque monkeys performing produced multimodal...

ABSTRACT Previously, we have described the laminar organization of neurons in supplementary eye field (SEF) that signal error, reward gain and loss, conflict, event timing, goal maintenance. Here describe visually responsive were active during performance a saccade stop-signal task. Nearly 40% isolated exhibited enhanced or suppressed responses to visual target for potential saccade, with majority exhibiting activity three-quarters broad spikes. Visually observed all layers but less common 5...

Many models of neural processing consist series linear-nonlinear cascades, where at each stage inputs are pooled linearly and then undergo a nonlinearity such as squaring. One example is the motion energy model, standard model detection in animals from beetles to humans. Despite model's nonlinearity, linear system analysis continues be successfully applied perception, well other domains visual neuroscience contrast disparity. A critical assumption many systems approaches that noise injected...

ABSTRACT Recently, we showed a novel property of the Hassenstein–Reichardt detector, namely that insect motion detection can be masked by ‘undetectable’ noise, i.e. visual noise presented at spatial frequencies which coherently moving gratings do not elicit response (Tarawneh et al., 2017). That study compared responses human and detectors using different ways quantifying masking (contrast threshold in humans tuning function insects). In addition, some adjustments experimental procedure,...

Abstract A multi-scale approach elucidated the origin of error-related-negativity (ERN), with its associated theta-rhythm, and post-error-positivity (Pe) in macaque supplementary eye field (SEF). Using biophysical modeling, synaptic inputs to layer-3 (L3) layer-5 (L5) pyramidal cells (PCs) were optimized account for error-related modulation inter-spike intervals. The intrinsic dynamics dendrites L5 but not L3 PCs generate theta rhythmicity random phase. Saccades synchronized phase this which...

Previously, we have described the laminar organization of neurons in supplementary eye field that signal error, reward gain and loss, conflict, event timing, goal maintenance. Here describe visually responsive were active during performance a saccade stop-signal task. Around one-third isolated exhibited enhanced or suppressed responses to visual target for potential saccade, where majority activity. Three-fourths these had broad spikes. Laminar current-source density aligned on presentation...

1 Abstract The motion energy model is the standard account of detection in animals from beetles to humans. Despite this common basis, we show here that a difference early stages visual processing between mammals and insects leads make radically different behavioural predictions. In insects, filtering spatially lowpass, which makes surprising prediction can be impaired by “invisible” noise, i.e. noise at spatial frequency elicits no response when presented on its own as signal. We confirm...

Abstract Recently, we showed a novel property of the Hassenstein-Reichardt detector: namely, that insect motion detection can be masked by “invisible” noise, i.e. visual noise presented at spatial frequencies to which animals do not respond when as signal. While this study compared effect on human and perception, it used different ways quantifying masking in two species. This was because studies measured contrast thresholds, were too time-consuming acquire given large number stimulus...

Previous research has demonstrated a role of the supplementary eye field (SEF) in detecting errors, registering success, and exerting pro-active control on saccade production. The cortical circuitry accomplishing these computations is unknown. We present neurophysiological data from two monkeys collected using linear electrode array during visually-guided countermanding task. Monkeys were rewarded for making to visual target unless, infrequent random trials, stop signal appeared which...