Implementation of an ivermectin-based community treatment strategy for the elimination onchocerciasis or lymphatic filariasis has been delayed in Central Africa because occurrence serious adverse events, including death, persons with high levels circulating Loa loa microfilariae. The LoaScope, a field-friendly diagnostic tool to quantify L. microfilariae peripheral blood, enables rapid, point-of-care identification at risk events.A test-and-not-treat was used approach ivermectin Okola health...

Abstract Background Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and albopictus (Skuse, 1894) are the main vectors of dengue (DENV) chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses worldwide. As there is still no vaccine or specific treatment for DENV CHIKV, vector control remains cornerstone prevention outbreak control. Unfortunately, programs facing operational challenges with mosquitoes becoming resistant to commonly used insecticides in several areas through world. Throughout Central Africa recent data available...

Increasing incidence of DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes is seen as a limiting factor for malaria vector control. The current study aimed at an in-depth characterization An. gambiae s.l. to insecticides Cameroon, order guide control interventions. were collected larvae pupae from six localities spread throughout the four main biogeographical domains Cameroon reared adults insectaries. Standard WHO insecticide susceptibility tests carried out with 4% DDT, 0.75% permethrin...

We report the first finding of knockdown Leu-Phe and Leu-Ser mutations associated with resistance to pyrethroids DDT insecticides in malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae from Cameroon. The mutation was found both M S molecular forms An. . Importantly, two specimens form were carry a heterozygous state.

Summary Objective To explore temporal variation in insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to the four chemical groups insecticides used public health and agriculture, close match with large‐scale cotton spraying programme implemented cotton‐growing area North Cameroon. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected 2005 before (mid June), during August) at end (early October) programme. Larvae sampled breeding sites located within fields Gaschiga Pitoa, Garoua, an urban...

Due to the spread of pyrethroid-resistance in malaria vectors Africa, new strategies and tools are urgently needed better control transmission. The aim this study was evaluate performances a mosaic long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN), i.e. PermaNet® 3.0, against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. West Central Africa. A multi centre experimental hut trial conducted Malanville (Benin), Vallée du Kou (Burkina Faso) Pitoa (Cameroon) investigate exophily, blood feeding inhibition...

To confirm our earlier evidence of a temporal and dose-response relationship between onchocerciasis epilepsy, we conducted another cohort study in different setting Cameroon. Individuals whose Onchocerca volvulus microfilarial density (Ov-MFD) was measured 1992-1994 when they were children revisited 2019 to determine if acquired epilepsy. With reference individuals with no microfilariae 1992-1994, the relative risks acquiring epilepsy 0.96, 2.76, 3.67, 11.87 subjects initial Ov-MFD 1-7,...

Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used for insect pest control in Cameroon. In certain species, particularly the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, resistance to this class of is a source great concern and needs be monitored order sustain efficacy operations fields. This study highlights trends DDT pyrethroid wild An. gambiae populations from South Cameroon.Mosquitoes were collected between 2001 2007 four sites Cameroon, where agricultural or personal protection purposes. Insecticide use was...

We followed up the 1996 baseline parasitological and entomological studies on onchocerciasis transmission in eleven health districts West Region, Cameroon. Annual mass ivermectin treatment had been provided for 15 years. Follow-up assessments which took place 2005, 2006, 2011 consisted of skin snips microfilariae (mf) palpation examinations nodules. Simulium vector dissections larval infection rates were done from to 2012. mf prevalence adults dropped 68.7% 11.4%, nodule 65.9% 12.1%. The...

Determination of residual activity insecticides is essential information for the selection appropriate indoor spraying operation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate effect three candidate insecticide formulations on different surfaces in order guide future interventions, context Cameroon and other African countries. conducted Ntougou neighbourhood Yaoundé (capital city Cameroon). Bendiocarb WP, lambda-cyhalothrin CS deltamethrin WG were sprayed wall local cement, wood mud houses....

Abstract The effectiveness of the “Slash and Clear” method in reducing blackfly populations low transmission areas is established, but its impact high settings with large rivers dense vectors yet to be proven. A community-based intervention study was conducted Mbam Valley, Centre Cameroon, involving two sites: Bayomen (control) Biatsota (intervention). In each arm, baseline densities were collected over one year using human landing method. consisted destroying trailing vegetation where...

We studied onchocerciasis transmission and impact on ocular morbidity in three health districts North Region, Cameroon, where annual mass ivermectin treatment has been provided for 12-17 years. The studies, which took place from 2008 to 2010, consisted of skin snips microfilariae (mf), palpation examinations nodules, slit lamp mf the eye, Simulium vector dissections larval infection rates. Adults had nodule rates 4.8% 13.5%, respectively, 5.5% anterior chamber eye. Strong evidence ongoing...

The spread of insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae is a serious threat for current vector control strategies which rely on use insecticides. Two mutations at position 1014 S6 transmembrane segment domain II voltage gated sodium channel, known as kdr (knockdown resistance) leading to change Leucine Phenylalanine (L1014F) or Serine (L1014S) confer DDT and pyrethroid insecticides insect. This paper presents distribution alleles wild populations Cameroon.A total...

Effective malaria control relies on evidence-based interventions. Anopheline behaviour and Plasmodium infections were investigated in North Cameroon, following long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution 2010. During four consecutive years from 2011 to 2014, adult mosquitoes collected indoors, outdoors exit traps across 38 locations the Garoua, Pitoa Mayo-Oulo health districts. Anophelines morphologically molecularly identified, then analysed for blood meal origins falciparum...

Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets (ITN) are essential components of malaria vector control in Africa. Pyrethroids the only recommended compounds for treatment because they fast-acting insecticides with low mammalian toxicity. However, there is growing concern that pyrethroid resistance may threaten sustainability ITN scaling-up programmes. Here, insecticide susceptibility was investigated Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from an area large scale distribution programme...

The effectiveness of insecticide-based malaria vector control interventions in Africa is threatened by the spread and intensification pyrethroid resistance targeted mosquito populations. present study aimed at investigating temporal spatial dynamics deltamethrin An. gambiae s.l. populations from North Cameroon. Mosquito larvae were collected 24 settings Garoua, Pitoa Mayo Oulo Health Districts (HDs) 2011 to 2015. Two five days old female emerging larval collections tested for using World...

Abstract Sequence variation at the intron‐1 of voltage‐gated sodium channel gene in Anopheles gambiae M‐ and S‐forms from Cameroon was assessed to explore number mutational events originating knockdown resistance ( kdr ) alleles. Mosquitoes were sampled between December 2005 June 2006 three geographical areas: (i) Magba western region; (ii) Loum, Tiko, Douala, Kribi, Campo along Atlantic coast; (iii) Bertoua, eastern continental plateau. Both 1014S 1014F alleles found S‐form with overall...

Previous studies have indicated widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations from Cameroon. However, the intensity of this and underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Therefore, we conducted three cross-sectional surveys between April 2018 October 2019, using revised World Health Organization protocol, which includes incidences assessments. Field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. Nkolondom, Nkolbisson Ekié vegetable farms city Yaoundé were tested with deltamethrin,...

Significant progress has been made in onchocerciasis control through mass distribution of ivermectin among affected human populations, fostering optimism for disease elimination. However, despite these considerable advances, the elimination remains a major challenge many African foci. This paper describes current situation Adamaoua Region Cameroon after 20 consecutive years treatment. The study was conducted between August and September 2020 Cameroon. Onchocerciasis endemicity assessed...

The onchocerciasis focus surrounding the lower Mbam and Sanaga rivers, where Onchocerca volvulus is transmitted by Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae), was historically largest in southern regions of Cameroon. Annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) has been taking place since 2000, but recent studies have shown that new infections are occurring children. We aimed to investigate blackfly biting O. transmission rates along river 16 years after formal onset annual...

The community-directed intervention (CDI) approach has improved treatment coverage in onchocerciasis-affected communities. However, there is still a lot to learn. This study assessed its performance and highlighted the lessons learnt so far.Representative samples of households were selected from Cameroon Uganda program areas through multi-stage random sampling. An adult male female every household interviewed separately on their involvement CDI activities year between 2004 2010. Community...

The specific immune response to the Anopheles salivary peptide could be a pertinent and complementary tool assess risk of malaria transmission effectiveness vector control strategies. This study aimed obtain first reliable data on current state gSG6-P1 biomarker for level exposure bites in high endemic areas Cameroon. Blood smears were collected from people living neighborhoods Youpwe (suburban area, continental) Manoka (rural Island), both coastal region Malaria infection was determined...

Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is among the 10 neglected tropical diseases targeted for control or elimination by 2020. For LF elimination, World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed a comprehensive strategy including (i) interruption of transmission through large-scale annual treatment (or mass drug administration (MDA)) all eligible individuals in endemic areas, and (ii) alleviation LF-associated suffering morbidity management disability prevention. In Cameroon, once-yearly...