The basal forebrain (BF) is a key structure in regulating both cortical activity and sleep homeostasis. It receives input from all ascending arousal systems particularly highly innervated by histaminergic neurons. Previous studies clearly point to role for histamine as wake-promoting substance the BF. We used vivo microdialysis pharmacological treatments rats study which electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral properties are associated with histamine-induced wakefulness whether this followed...

Abstract Sleep saves energy, but can brain energy depletion induce sleep? We used 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), a molecule which prevents the synthesis of ATP, to local in basal forebrain rats. Three‐hour DNP infusions induced elevations extracellular concentrations lactate, pyruvate and adenosine, as well increases non‐REM sleep during following night. was not affected when administered adjacent areas, although metabolic changes were similar. The amount timing increase sleep, adenosine with...

Rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine become most evident when its psychotomimetic subside, but the neurobiological basis this "lag" remains unclear. Laughing gas (N2O), another NMDA-R (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor) blocker, has been reported to bring rapidly upon drug discontinuation. We took advantage exceptional pharmacokinetic properties N2O investigate EEG (electroencephalogram) alterations and molecular determinants actions during immediately after blockade. Effects drugs on brain...

Anesthetics are widely used in medical practice and experimental research, yet the neurobiological basis governing their effects remains obscure. We have here quantitative phosphoproteomics to investigate protein phosphorylation changes produced by a 30 min isoflurane anesthesia adult mouse hippocampus. Altogether 318 alterations total of 237 proteins between sham were identified. Many hit represent primary pharmacological targets anesthetics. However, findings also enlighten role several...

Neurotransmitters such as glutamate are potential regulators of neurogenesis. Interference with defined receptor subtypes affects proliferation, migration and differentiation neural progenitor cells. The cellular targets for the actions different ligands less well known. In this study we have combined calcium imaging, measurement membrane potential, time-lapse imaging immunocytochemistry to obtain a spatial overview migrating mouse embryonic cell-derived cells responding agonists...

The central role of calcium influx and electrical activity in embryonic development raises important questions about the regulation voltage-dependent influx. Using cultured neural progenitor cell (NPC) preparations, we recorded barium currents through voltage-activated channels using whole-cell configuration patch-clamp technique monitored intracellular free concentrations with Fura-2 digital imaging. We found that NPCs as well expressing high-voltage-activated (HVA) express functional...

The wake-promoting basal forebrain (BF) is critically involved in sustaining cortical arousal. In the present study, we investigated how aging affects capacity of BF to cope with continuous activation during prolonged waking. Increased neuronal activity induces lactate release activated brain area, and stimulation increases We used vivo microdialysis measure levels BF, electroencephalography (EEG) arousal, 3 h sleep deprivation (SD) three age groups rats. Lactate increased SD young but not...

Sleep-or sleep-like states-have been reported in adult and larval zebrafish using behavioural criteria. These reversible quiescent periods, displaying circadian rhythmicity, have used pharmacological, genetic neuroanatomical studies of sleep-wake regulation. However, one the important criteria for sleep, namely sleep homeostasis, has not demonstrated unequivocally. To study rest homeostasis larvae, we rest-deprived 1-week-old larvae with a novel, ecologically relevant method: flow water....

Early patient contacts are considered important in medical education.We studied the influence of a real trigger on study motivation and learning problem-based groups first-year dentistry students.156 eligible students were allocated into 17 groups. Six randomly selected received both paper trigger, 11 only trigger. The immediate later effects assessed with qualitative quantitative questionnaires exam scores. tutors answered concerning outcomes.The reported that significantly improved their...

Adverse early-life events induce behavioral psychopathologies and sleep changes in adulthood. In order to understand the molecular level mechanisms by which maltreatment modifies sleep, valid animal models are needed. Changing pups between mothers at early age (cross-fostering) may satisfyingly model adverse human childhood.Cross-fostering (CF) was used mild stress male female Wistar rats. Behavior BDNF gene expression basal forebrain (BF), cortex, hypothalamus were assessed during...

Abstract Aim: Orexin/hypocretin peptides are expressed in the lateral hypothalamus and involved regulation of autonomic functions, energy homeostasis arousal states. The sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness occurrence sudden rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with a loss orexin neurones. Our study investigated effects orexins on sleep–wake patterns novel transgenic mouse line overexpressing human prepro‐orexin (hPPO) gene under control its...

Glutamate-responsive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are considered to play a significant role in neurogenesis. We have studied the functional expression of these migrating embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The majority neurosphere-derived NPCs express AMPA already during first day differentiation, based on mRNA quantification, immunocytochemistry, and Ca²+ imaging. GluR1 was significantly increased at 5 days differentiation. receptor subunits...

Abstract Microglia, the resident immune cells in brain, dynamically adapt their morphology based on functional state. This study explored relationship between microglial and sleep–wake cycles mice. Using Iba1 immunostaining to identify microglia, we quantified morphological changes microglia at different timepoints multiple brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, basal forebrain, hindbrain, cerebellum) B6 male mice using semi‐automated 3D structural analysis. Simultaneously, a separate group,...

Abstract In nocturnal animals, waking appears during the dark period while maximal non‐rapid‐eye‐movement sleep (NREMS) with electroencephalographic slow‐wave‐activity (SWA) takes place at beginning of light period. Vigilance states associate variable levels neuronal activity: high‐frequency activity patterns NREMS, SWA influences in many brain areas. On a glial level, deprivation modifies microglial morphology, but only few studies have investigated microglia through physiological...

Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the subsequent production adenosine in basal forebrain early phase prolonged waking suggest that wake-promoting is selectively sensitive to metabolic demands waking. In this study, iNOS protein, activation AMP-activated protein kinase - a marker decreased cellular energy charge were measured rat cortex during (1.5-, 3- 6 h). The site-specific increase was accompanied with forebrain. contrast, no changes found cortex. These results...

Abstract Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains among the most efficient antidepressants but it seldom brings immediate remedy. However, a subanesthetic dose of NMDA-R (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) blocker ketamine ameliorates symptoms depression already within hours. Glutamatergic excitability and regulation TrkB neurotrophin receptor GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) signaling are considered as molecular-level determinants for ketamine’s antidepressant effects. Recent clinical...